Heimler's History: Religion and Empires (1450-1750)

Introduction

• Focus on the role of religion in land-based empires from 1450-1750.
• Religion as a unifying force and a source of conflict.

Christian Schism in Europe

• Dominance of Roman Catholic Church

  • Provided cultural continuity during feudalism.
  • Lost power as monarchies centralized.
  • Black Death challenge and failure decreased authority.

• Corruption and Theological Disputes

  • John Wycliffe translated Bible to vernacular, challenging church authority.
  • Corruption through selling indulgences (absolution for sin) and simony (selling church offices).

• Martin Luther's Reformation

  • Luther's revelation from the Bible emphasized faith alone for salvation.
  • On October 31, 1517, Luther's 95 Theses challenged church practices.

• Spread of Protestant Reformation

  • Rapid dissemination due to the printing press.
  • Spread throughout Europe: John Calvin in Geneva, John Knox in Scotland.

• Catholic Counter-Reformation

  • Council of Trent (1545-1563) addressed abuses and reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.

Islamic Schism: Sunnis vs Shias

• Conflict between Ottoman (Sunni) and Safavid (Shia) Empires

  • Safavid shift to Shia Islam, denying Sunni legitimacy.
  • Territorial and religious disputes.
  • Ottoman Sultan's harsh condemnation of Safavid ruler.

• Ongoing Sunni-Shia Tensions

  • Continued religious and political conflict without resolution.

Mughal Empire's Religious Tolerance

• Akbar's Policy
  • Embraced religious inclusivity.
  • Supported both Hindus and Muslims equally.
  • Assisted the Catholic Church and accepted Sikhism.

Conclusion

• Emphasis on religious influence in shaping empires.
• Encouragement for viewers to engage more for academic success.