Matter and Classification

Understanding Matter

• Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Made up of particles whose properties affect observable characteristics and reactivity.

Properties of Materials

• Strength: The robustness or vulnerability of a material.
• Brittle: Hard but prone to breaking easily.
• Malleable: Can be shaped under pressure without breaking.
• Ductile: Can be stretched into a wire.
• Density: Mass per unit volume.
• Boiling Point: Temperature where liquid's vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
• Melting Point: Temperature where a solid becomes a liquid.

Mixtures

• Composed of two or more substances not chemically bonded.
  • Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform composition, components in same phase.
  • Heterogeneous Mixture: Non-uniform composition, components easily identifiable.

Matter/Substance Classification

• Pure Substance: Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical means.
  • Element: Pure substance of one type of atom.
    • Metal: Easily loses electrons, weak attractive force on valence electrons.
    • Non-metal: Opposite of metals.
    • Metalloid: Properties of both metals and non-metals, conducts electricity better when heated (e.g., Silicon).
  • Compound: Two or more elements chemically bonded.
    • Ionic and Covalent compounds.

Conductors and Insulators

• Electrical Conductor: Allows charge flow.
• Semiconductor: Conducts electricity under specific conditions.
• Electrical Insulator: Prevents charge flow.
• Thermal Conductor: Allows heat passage; Thermal Insulator: Does not.

Naming and Formulating Compounds

• Naming Rules:
  • If compound contains a metal or NH4+, use metal/non-metal naming convention.
  • Non-Metal + Non-Metal: Prefixes indicate number, add '-ide' for the second element.
• Formulating Rules:
  • Cation first, anion second.
  • Balancing charges essential.
  • Specific charges for groups on the periodic table provided.
  • Common formulas: Ammonia, caustic soda, etc.

Exercises

• Exercise 1: Naming compounds from formulas.
• Exercise 2: Writing formulas for named compounds.
• Exercise 3: Classifying substances as elements, compounds, or mixtures.
• Exercise 4: Exam type questions on identifying elements, mixtures, and diatomic gases.
• Exercise 5: Exam type questions on pure substances, material properties, and chemical formulas.

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These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the principles related to matter and its classification, properties of materials, and chemical nomenclature. Exercises are included to apply the theoretical knowledge.