تضاريس الوطن العربي والجبال

# Mountains in the Arab World

## Introduction
- The term terrain means: mountains, plateaus, plains.
- Factors affecting the formation of the Arab world's surface:
  - **Internal factors**:
    - Folding movements: lead to the formation of high mountain ranges.
    - Faulting movements: lead to rock fractures and elevation of some to form mountains and lowering of others to form seas.
    - Volcanic eruptions: lead to the formation of volcanic mountains and plateaus.
  - **External factors**:
    - Water erosion: carving and transporting rocks with water, leading to the formation of river deltas and sea shores.
    - Wind erosion: carving and transporting rocks with the wind, leading to the formation of sand dunes.

## Mountains in the Arab World

### Types of Mountains
- **Folding Mountains**
  - Due to folding movements.
  - Examples: Kurdistan, Zagros, Oman, Atlas Mountains.
- **Fault-block Mountains**
  - Due to faulting movements.
  - Examples: Red Sea hills, Levant mountains.

### Atlas Mountains
- Located in the African Arab wing.
- Found in: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia.
- Extend from west to east.
- Comprised of mountain ranges such as:
  - Tell Atlas Mountains (in the north)
  - Sahara Atlas Mountains (in the south)
- The Shott Plateau is located between the Tell and Sahara Atlas Mountains.

### Red Sea Mountains
- Located in the African and Asian wings:
  - In Egypt and Sudan, called the Red Sea Mountains.
  - In Saudi Arabia and Yemen, known as the Hejaz, Asir Mountains, and Yemeni Highlands.

### Levant Mountains
- Located in the Asian Arab wing.
- On the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
- Found in: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine.
- Contains rivers such as:
  - Litani River (in Lebanon)
  - Orontes River (in Syria)

## Summary
- The Arab world contains two types of mountains: folding and fault-block.
- We studied folding and fault-block mountains in detail.
- We will explore plateaus and plains in the next lesson.