Lecture Notes: Tragedy and the Common Man by Arthur Miller

Introduction

• Speaker: Miss Rank
• Topic: Analysis of Arthur Miller's article "Tragedy and the Common Man"
• Context: Miller's response to Aristotle's ideas on tragedy, reformulating them for modern audiences.

Essential Characteristics of a Modern Tragedy (According to Miller)

1. Compulsion to Elevate

• A tragic hero desires to elevate himself in society.
• Unlike ancient tragedies focused on nobility, Miller suggests any person can be a tragic hero.
• Example: Willy Loman represents the common man's desires for respect and admiration.

2. Compulsion and Personal Dignity

• Protagonist insists on securing personal dignity.
• Willy Loman believes in his greatness as a salesman despite repeated failures.
• He cannot abandon the image of his own greatness.

3. Attempt to Gain Rightful Position

• Protagonist believes he is not in his rightful place in society.
• Willy attempts to achieve this either in reality or through imagination.
• Example: Willy's efforts to get a New York job and his consideration of suicide for insurance money.

4. Total Onslaught Against Environment

• Protagonist faces overwhelming challenges.
• Willy Loman feels crowded by societal forces, represented by apartment buildings.
• He experiences conflict with people and society.

5. Spectator's Fear and Terror

• The audience feels terror and fear for the protagonist.
• Tragedy hooks the audience emotionally; we hope for the character's success.

6. Fear of Displacement

• Fear of being torn from one's chosen image and identity.
• Willy's identity as a salesman is central; his firing resonates deeply with the audience.

7. Hero's Tragic Flaw

• Unwillingness to remain passive or quiet.
• Willy cannot accept his failures and lowly status.
• His persistent struggle against his situation leads to his tragic end.

Conclusion

• Miller's view: The tragic hero’s refusal to accept low status is central to modern tragedy.
• Assignment: Find textual evidence to support or refute the points presented and prepare for a class discussion.
• Collaboration Encouraged: Students can work with partners to complete the assignment.

Final Remarks

• Encouragement to engage with the material and collaborate.
• Reminder for students to work hard and prepare for the next class.