Anatomy Lecture Notes

Cervical Vertebra

• Important to use the right model of the cervical vertebra for study.
• Orientation: Back (posterior) and front (anterior).
• Foramina: Holes on the sides for vertebral artery.
• Spinal Cord: Central canal as a continuation of chambers.

Structure of the Spinal Cord

• Grey Matter: Shaped like a butterfly inside the spinal cord:
  • Posterior Horn (Dorsal): Associated with sensory functions.
  • Anterior Horn (Ventral): Associated with motor functions.
  • Lateral Horn: Part of autonomic nervous system, although not tested in this lecture.
• Roots:
  • Anterior (Ventral) Roots: Motor fibers going out of the spinal cord.
  • Posterior (Dorsal) Roots: Sensory fibers entering the spinal cord.
• Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG): Contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Eye Anatomy

• Sclera: Tough outer layer of the eye.
• Cornea: Transparent front part of the sclera.
• Muscles:
  • Four rectus muscles (superior, inferior, lateral, and medial).
  • Two oblique muscles (superior and inferior).
• Lacrimal Gland: Produces tears, located on the lateral side of the eye.

Ear Anatomy

• Pinna (Auricle): External part of the ear
• External Auditory Canal: Leads to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
• Inner Ear Structures:
  • Cochlea: Snail-shaped structure for hearing.
  • Semicircular Canals: Involved in balance.

Respiratory System

• Larynx: Contains vocal cords, located behind the hyoid.
• Trachea: Airway supported by cartilaginous rings.
• Bronchi: Trachea splits into left and right primary bronchi.
• Lungs:
  • Right lung: Three lobes (superior, middle, inferior).
  • Left lung: Two lobes (superior, inferior) due to heart location.

Digestive System

• Esophagus: Muscular tube behind trachea leading to stomach.
• Stomach: Initial processing of food.
• Small Intestine: Starts with duodenum.
• Large Intestine:
  • Appendix: Connected to the cecum.
  • Sections: Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.
• Rectum: Terminal end of the colon leading to the outside.

Liver Anatomy

• Four lobes: Right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobes.
• Functions in detoxification and metabolism.