Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Introduction

• Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, RNA, etc., found in the body.

Carbohydrates

• Definition: Hydrates of carbon, polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that give polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones upon hydrolysis.
• Types:
  • Monosaccharides: Smallest unit, non-hydrolysable.
  • Disaccharides: Made from two monosaccharides.
  • Oligosaccharides: Two to ten monosaccharides.
  • Polysaccharides: More than ten monosaccharides.
• Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugars: Based on reaction with Fehling's solution and Tollen’s reagent.

Glucose

• Preparation: From the hydrolysis of sucrose and starch.
• Structure:
  • Open and Cyclic form.
  • Difference between Alpha and Beta Glucose: Change in position of OH and H on C1 carbon.
  • Anomers: Difference between Alpha and Beta glucose.
• Reactions: Reaction with HI, Reaction with Hydroxylamine, Reaction with Bromine water, etc.

Proteins

• Amino Acids:
  • Essential and Non-Essential: Dependent on synthesis in the body.
  • Structure: A central carbon, NH2, COOH, and a variable R-group.
• Peptide Bonds: Bond between amino acids.
• Protein Structures:
  • Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
  • Secondary: Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets, hydrogen bonding.
  • Tertiary: Disulfide linkages, van der Waals interactions.
  • Quaternary: Interaction between polypeptides.
• Denaturation: Change in structure, primary remains intact.

Nucleic Acids

• Types: DNA and RNA
• Nucleotides and Nucleosides: Composed of sugar, base, and phosphate group.
• Phosphodiester Linkages: Between 3' OH and 5' phosphate group.
• Differences in Bases: Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA.

Conclusion

• Understanding of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids under biomolecules.
• Preparation for the upcoming chapter.