Notes on the Valley of Krishna River and Buddhism in Eastern Deccan

Introduction

• The valley of Krishna River, located in present-day Andhra Pradesh, was known for its fertility and rich cultural heritage.
• Ancient art and architecture flourished here, reflecting the spiritual life of its inhabitants.
• The area attracted trade due to its cotton textiles, leading to a cosmopolitan culture.

Philosophical Quest

• The people were engaged in a philosophical quest beyond material pursuits.
• Structures, art, and monuments of the region were dedicated to this quest.

Centers of Buddhism

• The Krishna River valley emerged as a significant center for Buddhism with over 140 early Buddhist sites.
• Major sites include:
  • Guntupalli Caves: Among the earliest Buddhist caves.
  • Kuntupalli: Resembles the Lomas Rishi caves from the 3rd century BC.
  • Jagaya Peta: Home to many stupas.
  • Sites like Gummadiduru, Gantashala, and Panigiri are notable for their archaeological findings.

The Great Stupa at Amaravati

• Located on the bank of the Krishna River, near ancient capital Dharani Kota.
• History spans over 1400 years, starting from Emperor Ashoka's time.
• Features:
  • Enlarged in the 1st century BC, with sculpted limestone slabs added.
  • Notable reliefs include the depiction of Buddha's enlightenment.
  • Covered with exquisite sculptures under the Satvahana dynasty.
• The Maha Stupa was 162 feet in diameter with richly sculpted railings and pillars.

Artistic Developments

• From the 1st century AD, deities began to be depicted in human form, marking a shift in artistic conventions.
• The reliefs from Amaravati are characterized by:
  • Deep cuts for a three-dimensional appearance.
  • Conveying narratives like the birth and enlightenment of Buddha to elevate the viewer's spiritual experience.

Artistic and Philosophical Influence

• The harmony and grace in the art aimed to transform the observer.
• Reliefs show a preoccupation with spiritual themes and a connection to nature.
• The vitality and movement captured in the sculptures reflect life in its myriad forms.

Contributions of Satvahana Rulers

• The Satvahanas were benevolent towards Buddhist art despite their devotion to Brahmanical deities.
• Nuns participated significantly in the monastic community, underscoring women's high status in society.

Later Developments under the Ikshvakus

• The decline of Satvahana power led to the rise of the Ikshvakus in the 3rd century AD.
• Nagarjuna Konda became a pivotal center for Buddhist philosophy.
• Excavations reveal a continuity of artistic themes similar to the last phase of Amaravati's art.

Artistic Themes at Nagarjuna Konda

• Sculptures depict key moments in Buddha's life, such as:
  • Birth under the shawl tree.
  • The Great Departure from the palace.
• The artistic style remained consistent with the earlier traditions but evolved to express more dynamic narratives.

Conclusion

• The art and architecture of the Krishna River Valley illustrate a rich tapestry of spiritual and cultural life.
• The ultimate belief in the oneness of creation permeated both the art and the communal practices of the time.