Overview
This lecture discusses the psychological processes of emotion and motivation, covering theories, biological bases, and how these factors influence human behavior.
Introduction to Emotion and Motivation
- Emotion is a complex state involving physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral responses.
- Motivation refers to the processes that initiate, guide, and maintain goal-oriented behaviors.
Theories of Motivation
- The Drive Theory suggests people are motivated to maintain homeostasis by reducing internal drives such as hunger.
- The Arousal Theory proposes people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs classifies motives into a five-level pyramid from physiological needs up to self-actualization.
- The Incentive Theory states external rewards can motivate behaviors even when no drive is present.
Theories of Emotion
- The James-Lange Theory argues emotions result from physiological reactions to stimuli.
- The Cannon-Bard Theory states physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently.
- The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory says emotions are the product of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
- The Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational Theory emphasizes the role of interpretation before experiencing emotion.
Biological Bases of Emotion and Motivation
- The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions, especially fear.
- The hypothalamus regulates drives such as hunger and sexual behavior.
- The prefrontal cortex is involved in emotional regulation and decision-making.
Expression and Recognition of Emotion
- Basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust) are universally recognized.
- Facial expressions are a primary method for conveying emotional states.
- Display rules are cultural norms that influence emotional expression.
Motivation in Practice
- Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction; extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards.
- Overjustification effect: external rewards may reduce intrinsic motivation.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Emotion — a psychological state combining arousal, expression, and experience.
- Motivation — processes that initiate and sustain goal-oriented behavior.
- Homeostasis — body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium.
- Amygdala — brain area central to emotion processing.
- Intrinsic motivation — pursuing activities for internal satisfaction.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs diagram.
- Read the assigned textbook chapter for detailed examples and case studies.
- Prepare for a quiz on emotion theories and key brain structures.