Bones ll Part B

Overview

This lecture reviews the major bones of the human skeleton, focusing on identification, key features, and differences in the pelvic girdle between males and females.

Bones of the Shoulder and Arm

• The clavicle (collar bone) is located at the top of the shoulder.
• The scapula (shoulder blade) is flat and smooth along the back, parallel to the vertebrae.
• The scapula has a notch above the articulation point for the humerus.
• The sternum is the central chest bone with the xiphoid process at its lower end.
• The ribs connect to the sternum at the front of the chest.
• The humerus is the upper arm bone; "humerus" is spelled with an "e".
• The "funny bone" is the ulnar nerve at the elbow joint of the humerus.
• The radius (thumb side) has a flat, round head allowing rotation.
• The ulna (pinky side) has a hooked end and moves the arm upward.

Bones of the Hand

• The carpals are wrist bones located where a loose watch would rest.
• The metacarpals form the middle part of the hand.
• The phalanges are the bones of the fingers.

Bones of the Leg and Foot

• The femur is the strongest bone, articulating into the hip.
• The patella is the kneecap (not just called "kneecap" but "patella").
• The tibia (shin bone) has a T-shape and forms the front of the leg.
• The fibula is a thin, non-weight-bearing bone; often used for bone grafts.
• The tarsals are the ankle bones (remember "tarsals" and "toes").
• The metatarsals form the middle of the foot.
• The phalanges are the bones at the ends of the toes.

Pelvic Girdle and Gender Differences

• The pelvic girdle is formed by the coxal bone (os coxa), also called the hip bone.
• The ilium forms the upper, curved part of the pelvis (where you put your hands on your hips).
• The pubic bone is the anterior bridge of the pelvis.
• The pubic symphysis is a strong fibrous joint connecting the pubic bones.
• The ischium forms the lower, posterior part ("sit bones").
• Female pelvis has a wider pelvic brim and pubic arch (>80–90°); male pelvis is more heart-shaped, narrower, and with a smaller pubic arch (50–60°).
• The coccyx (tailbone) is straighter in females and more curved in males.

Key Terms & Definitions

• Clavicle — collar bone at the top of the shoulder.
• Scapula — shoulder blade; flat bone on the back.
• Sternum — central chest bone.
• Humerus — upper arm bone.
• Radius — forearm bone on the thumb side with a round head.
• Ulna — forearm bone on the pinky side with a hooked end.
• Carpals — wrist bones.
• Metacarpals — hand bones between carpals and phalanges.
• Phalanges — finger and toe bones.
• Femur — thigh bone, strongest in the body.
• Patella — kneecap bone.
• Tibia — larger shin bone.
• Fibula — thinner lower leg bone.
• Tarsals — ankle bones.
• Coxal Bone (Os Coxa) — hip bone made of ilium, pubic bone, and ischium.
• Ilium — uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.
• Pubic Symphysis — cartilaginous joint uniting left and right pubic bones.
• Ischium — lower part of the hip bone ("sit bone").
• Coccyx — tailbone at the base of the spine.

Action Items / Next Steps

• Review slide images and practice identifying each bone.
• Complete homework on labeling pelvic girdle parts: ilium, pubic bone, ischium.
• Prepare for lab review of individual bones.