Summary of Development: Balance

Overview

This chapter is the first chapter of Class 10 Economics which explains the concept of development. It details the various dimensions of development, measurement methods, and the importance of sustainable development.

Definition and Concept of Development

• Meaning of Development: The betterment of anything is called development
• Different people have different developmental goals
• A farmer wants a good price for his crop, a laborer wants good wages
• What is development for one may be destructive for another
• Example: Construction of a dam – good for electricity and water supply, but causes displacement of tribal populations

Income and Other Goals

• Everyone nowadays wants more money
• Materialistic Goals: Can be bought with money – house, car, clothes, fridge
• Non-materialistic Goals: Cannot be bought with money – equality, freedom, friendship, love, security, respect
• Money alone is not enough for development
• Proper development requires attention to both material and non-material goals

National Development

• It is important to understand how the whole country develops
• Different people have different views about national development
• Some want to improve healthcare, some the education system
• Definition: When the living standards of the country's citizens improve, national development takes place
• A country progresses when its people progress

How to Compare Countries and States

• Countries are compared based on income
• Per Capita Income: The average amount of money earned by each person living in a country in one year
• Formula: Total income of the country ÷ Total population of the country = Per capita income
• Classification according to the World Bank: $12,056 or more = rich country; $955 or less = poor country
• India's per capita income is $1,820 (in the lower-middle income category)
• Income alone does not define development – freedom, security, health, education, equality are also important

Income and Other Criteria

Comparison of States (Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar):

• Infant Mortality Rate: Number of children per thousand live births who die before reaching one year of age in a particular year
• Literacy Rate: Percentage of people aged 7 years or above who can read and write
• Net Attendance Ratio: Percentage of children aged 14-15 years attending school out of the total children in that age group
• Kerala leads in all criteria (except income) because education and health facilities are better there
• Having money in the pocket does not buy all the things and services necessary for a good life

Public Facilities

• Definition: Basic facilities provided by the government to all citizens for their welfare and overall development
• Examples: Education, health, security, food
• The better the public facilities available, the better the people's lives
• The Public Distribution System (PDS) provides people with good health and nutrition

Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Definition: A criterion used to indicate a person's health status
• It can classify a person as nourished, under-nourished, or over-weighted
• Formula: Weight (kg) ÷ Height² (meter) = BMI
• Example: Weight = 120 kg, Height = 2 meters → BMI = 120 ÷ 4 = 30

BMI Classification:

UNDP and Human Development Report

• UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
• It publishes the Human Development Report
• The World Bank compares countries only based on income
• The Human Development Report considers education and health along with income
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is prepared
• According to the 2019 report, India ranks 131st in the world based on development

Sustainability of Development

• People are overusing water for development, hence water levels are dropping
• Pollution is increasing, trees are being cut down, crude oil is being overused
• Reports say if crude oil consumption continues at this rate, it will run out in 50-60 years
• Development must be done in a way that does not harm the environment
• The needs of future generations must not be compromised
• Sustainability must be maintained in the future as well