Overview
This lecture introduces key bones and major muscles of the human body along with related structures and terms, emphasizing their location, function, and anatomical relationships.
Major Bones of the Body
- Clavicle connects the sternum to the humerus and is at the upper chest.
- Scapula, or shoulder blade, articulates with the humerus.
- Humerus is the upper arm bone, connecting scapula to the forearm.
- Radius is the lateral forearm bone (thumb side), connecting to the humerus and ulna.
- Ulna is the medial forearm bone (pinky side), proximal end at the elbow.
- Carpals are wrist bones at the base of the hand.
- Metacarpals form the palm and are numbered from pinky to thumb.
- Phalanges are finger bones of the hand and foot.
- Coxa is the hip bone, made of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
- Femur is the thigh bone, connecting hip to tibia and fibula.
- Tibia is the thicker medial bone of the leg.
- Fibula is the thinner lateral bone of the leg.
- Tarsals are the ankle bones.
- Metatarsals form the foot.
- Sternum is the T-shaped bone at the chest front, connects to clavicles.
- Sacrum is the triangular bone at the base of the spine.
- Patella is the kneecap, articulating with femur.
Major Muscles and Muscle Groups
- Pectoralis major is the large, superficial muscle of the chest.
- Deltoid is triangular and covers the shoulder.
- Trapezius is kite-shaped muscle on the upper back.
- Latissimus dorsi is a broad back muscle near the vertebral column.
- Biceps brachii is on the anterior arm, flexes the arm.
- Triceps brachii is on the posterior arm, extends the forearm.
- Brachioradialis is on the lateral forearm near the thumb.
- Flexors of wrist and fingers are on the anterior forearm.
- Extensors of wrist and fingers are on the posterior forearm.
- Gluteus maximus is the muscle of the buttocks.
- Gluteus medius is a smaller, deeper gluteal muscle.
- Quadriceps femoris is the anterior thigh group that extends the knee.
- Hamstring group is posterior thigh, flexes the knee.
- Adductors of thigh are medial, move thigh toward midline.
- Sartorius is a long, thin muscle running hip to below knee.
- Gastrocnemius is the calf muscle (posterior leg).
- Tibialis anterior is the muscle at the front of the tibia.
Connective Tissues and Attachments
- Tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone.
- Aponeurosis is a broad, flat tendon.
- Origin is the fixed, proximal muscle attachment.
- Insertion is the distal, movable muscle attachment.
Muscle Action Terms
- Agonist: muscle performing the main action.
- Antagonist: muscle with the opposite action.
- Flexion: bends a joint.
- Extension: straightens a joint.
- Abduction: moves limb away from midline.
- Adduction: moves limb toward midline.
- Medial rotation: turns limb toward body.
- Lateral rotation: turns limb away from body.
- Supination: palm up.
- Pronation: palm down.
- Circumduction: circular movement of a limb.
- Opposition: thumb toward fingertips.
- Reposition: thumb away from fingertips.
- Elevation: raises a body part.
- Depression: lowers a body part.
- Protraction: moves part forward.
- Retraction: moves part backward.
- Plantar flexion: points the foot.
- Dorsiflexion: flexes the foot upward.
- Eversion: turns sole of foot outward.
- Inversion: turns sole of foot inward.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Clavicle — collarbone, connects sternum and scapula.
- Scapula — shoulder blade.
- Humerus — upper arm bone.
- Femur — thigh bone.
- Tendon — attaches muscle to bone.
- Ligament — attaches bone to bone.
- Origin — fixed muscle attachment.
- Insertion — movable muscle attachment.
- Agonist — main-action muscle.
- Antagonist — opposes agonist action.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review diagrams of bones and muscle groups for identification.
- Practice defining movement and attachment terms.
- Prepare flashcards for key terms and bone/muscle locations.