foreign P1 okay this is the first chapter lecture I am standing in an empty classroom and I'm recording and so we have a projector here that kind of comes from the top down so just a little bit of context about where I'm at so if you see things you know what's going on so if I step close and there's lights on me um that's why that is this is a smart board and so sometimes I might tap something and something else might pop up I'll try to get rid of it it shouldn't happen but other than that this is the way that lectures will be delivered in this course via a YouTube video and so let's begin I'm going to keep my eye on the clock so that I keep all lectures around 50 minutes 50 to 53 minutes in length so that honors the traditional length of time that we would dedicate to content delivery all right so chapter one a p are you ready so over here I've listed kind of a rough outline of this chapter okay firstly we're going to go through some terms A and P anatomy and physiology what do they mean and why are those definitions important what are the sub disciplines number two the human body is alive what does it mean that we are alive okay three what are the levels of organization and how we understand the human body how is the course organized that that is how are the assist how do we through all of these body systems we're going to do an overview of each of the 12 body systems or anatomical systems we're going to learn about homeostasis and the different types of homeostasis body mapping how do we begin to orient ourselves towards the human body an anatomic position what is the common vocabulary that we need to use in the directional terms that we need to start learning about the human body and then lastly we'll finish off on medical imaging kind of a practical or clinical application of this knowledge towards a very very fundamental aspect of medicine which is how we take pictures of the body that are non-invasive and still give us diagnostic utility all right so here we go um so A and P okay and that in physiology this is a course that combines both of these facets okay so anatomy and physics sometimes there's a course is dedicated to only anatomy and sometimes only physiology here we're combining them together because this is an undergraduate course on a p okay so Anatomy okay just Anatomy describes the structure it's the what it's the what of the human body okay what are they uh was it what are the structures of the body what are they made of and where are they located the what and where you could say of the human body and also we learned something about the associated structures what are the anatomic relationships between those structures let's say the liver is superior to the stomach okay we'll learn those relationships in due time okay so Anatomy the what and where okay physiology is the study of function okay what does it do how does it work what are the um Power how do they work together what are the processes that direct their activity okay also individual organs and systems and how they cooperate with each other okay this is physiology physiology is how does it work what are the processes that govern their activity okay so two major Concepts that fit together but are not the same thing so first Anatomy there's different types and sub-disciplines of anatomy okay we have gross anatomy which doesn't mean like ili yuck it means the parts of the human body that you can observe without a surgical dissection okay you don't have to cut into anybody um you can merely look at the outside of the human body and get some assessment okay so surface anatomy is the exterior surface of the body there are also regional anatomy that is focusing on one part of the body systemic Anatomy which is focusing on the organ systems more on this later clinical Anatomy has some Medical Specialties and then developmental Anatomy okay this is following the progression of human development from the earliest stages at conception through Embryo Embryo embryogenesis and Fetal development birth childhood puberty at um adolescence and aging okay all of those steps are involved in developmental Anatomy how organs grow and regress in size like the thymus regresses in size over time so these are all sub-disciplines within Anatomy okay and we are not going to go into all of these although I'm going to point out a few key observations pretty soon okay and so gross anatomy refers to the outside of the body okay and it's it's important to understand the outside of the body because we will be learning what is underneath the skin what is underneath the rib cage and we're going to be learning about all the organs that are reside within the body okay but we're going to work ourselves from outside in okay now just a distinction here in an undergraduate course in anatom physiology we start with a systemic approach that is we go system by System okay so first the integumentary system and then the skeletal system and then the muscular system okay and we study those independently whereas in net school or some other graduate school PT school you will have a regional anatomy approach that's a different approach okay you'll study let's say the thorax so instead of just this is studying the cardiovascular system the heart and the vessels and the blood okay all of those parts are part of the cardiovascular system okay wherever they reside in the body okay this is a regional approach meaning we're looking at the thoracic cage okay so we're not only looking at the heart and the pericardial sac and the thymus and the lungs and all the major vessels the trachea is there so we're looking at this region and whatever's close by what are the neighbor organs and which organs touch each other that's a regional approach okay and that is for a graduate level course so first we learn it this way and then you will learn it this way if you go on to graduate school okay so don't be upset if you're not going to this right away because we first have to learn the kind of the simple way first so continuing with different sub-disciplines within Anatomy okay we have microscopic Anatomy so obviously there's things that we can observe with the naked eye just observing the human body but there are many aspects of anatomy that we require some magnification so cytology would be the study of cells site means cell and there's histology which is the study of tissues and in fact that's one of the other courses that I teach here at OBU which is histology it's of course I'm teaching in the fall right now and so we have a whole other course dedicated to just this study okay we study all the tissues in the human body in more detail okay but here is an example of the human eyeball okay this is A sagittal section we'll learn that later of the human eye here's the cornea here's the lens this part is filled with fluid and here is the retina okay the retina is the um the part of the eye that receives the and captures the light information and we're going to zoom in on the retina we would see there's a series of layers of cells which are the rods and cones we'll learn about that later but to appreciate the the tissue that is the light sensitive property of the eyeball we have to look at it at the tissue level okay so cytology study of cells histology is at the tissue level what kind of tissue is it is it nervous tissue is it muscle tissue is it connective tissue Etc we're going to have a whole chapter chapter four dedicated to studying histology will only fit that in what I fit into one semester of teaching in my course we we squeeze into one chapter here in this course okay so that's Anatomy okay physiology also has some sub disciplines okay so again physiology is the study of function okay how does the body work uh what are the processes that govern this this activity okay so cell physiology is at the very smallest level of living things which is cellular what are the processes which govern um cellular function okay then we have organ physiology how does an individual organ like the heart or the spleen or the stomach function and then we have systemic physiology how do all the parts of one system that is let's say the pancreas and the liver and the gallbladder within the digestive system how do they work together within that system right and so pathological physiology or pathophys or just pathology means a diseased State okay so patho means disease okay so path pathological physiology whenever we lose or we have some compromise to function we have disease and so if we if that gets out of control disease can lead to death okay so that is something that you learn after you learn normal or a healthy physiology we learn diseased or compromised physiology in a pathology course okay so for the example here we have the heart we're going to learn lots of things about heart physiology and EKG here an electrocardiogram tells us something about the electrical activities within the heart and we can use an EKG to diagnose different problems within the Heart by examining the electrical output okay and so we can discover whether we have some fibrillation or we have some heart block or whatever okay so physiology okay so that is amp okay some explanation there on terms now number two okay what does it mean to be alive okay we are alive animals are our lives my my pet cat is alive but the gravel in my driveway is not alive okay so some things are alive some things are not but trees are alive but trees are not like animals and humans so what does that mean okay so there's these um varying characteristics that are true of all living things okay we're gonna start here at 12 o'clock and work our way around things that are alive grow so we see growth in living things the cells grow okay grow and differentiate and develop okay living things reproduce that is we have a parent generation and we have Offspring okay so reproduction is a characteristic of living things okay um living things have traits that are heritable okay heredity is the passing of traits via genes from one generation to the Next Generation so heredity is a characteristic of living things because we all have genes and with those genes passing on we get different traits okay homeostasis this is a big concept that we're going to come back to later homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or the internal environment okay we'll use a couple different examples of homeostasis in just a little just a few minutes okay metabolism all living things metabolize that is they utilize different organic molecules sources of fuel like glucose or lipids or proteins and they do go through chemical Transformations that liberate energy in the form of ATP and and so we can use that ATP to do work in the body okay so this conversion of molecules between matter and energy is what metabolism is sometimes we need to use energy and make molecules sometimes we're going to use molecules we're going to make energy so it goes both ways okay anabolism and catalog okay all living things are cellular they're composed of cells and some extracellular Matrix or extracellular material we went about that in our tissues chapter okay but most of our body is composed of cells okay all living things respond to their environment okay that is we can sense things within our environment think about our sensory organs our skin can feel things our eyes can see things our ears can hear things okay so we can sense and respond to our external environment and a question you might be have is well respond to environment and homeostasis they sound like they might be kind of similar and you're right homeostasis I want you to think about internal regulation of different parameters and respond to it responds to external environment I want you to think about external okay it's not quite the perfect distinction there but they are very similar but I want you to hear about in response to external factors and being responsive there okay so each of these factors is characteristic of something that is alive from a prokaryote like a bacterial like E coli to a fully developed human being and human body all of all living things have these characteristics so classification of living things human vertebrates we 've in the grand scheme of living things in a particular neighborhood as you as you might say we're going to study our place in the next slide and we're also going to visit what is what is homeostasis okay so you might have seen one of these diagrams before it's kind of like the Tree of Life as it were scientists and anatomists over the centuries have tried to look at all of what lives in the world and try to group living things into similar categories okay and so there are six kingdoms and three domains okay so the three domains are down here that is the domain of bacteria archaea or Archaea and the domain of eukaryotes okay so prokaryotes and eukaryotes you might have heard before archaea might be relatively new and there are a bunch of weirdos I mean they're really really unique organisms that they're pretty similar to bacteria and in some ways they are different okay so those are the three domains of life okay we are as humans we are in the um domain of eukaryotes so we're down here kind of explaining those three domains up at the top are what we call the um the six kingdoms okay bacteria archaea protists which is a really weird category plants fungi and then animals and of course human anatomy would fit within this category here of animals um as far as organizing living things into groups that are similar to each other animals are more similar to each other than they are to protists or bacteria all right um just some comments here on archaea you don't have to know this for my course I'm just kind of pointing it out because if it was confusing as confusing to you as it was to me at the beginning I didn't understand where archaea okay so Archaea are a kind of they're basically like fancy bacteria now a microbiologist would Slaughter me if I if they heard me say that but they are in some ways very similar to bacteria there are a number of traits here where bacteria and Archaea are very similar okay the blue mix means they're similar but yet there are some ways in which archaea and eukaryotes are similar to each other and of course there are ways in which archaea are unique to either of those other domains so I don't know if that helps you or not but I like to think of archaea as really fancy weird extreme bacteria okay because they are prokaryotes that is they have a single cell all right so along the way I'm going to be kind of punctuating the the talk with these kind of big question slides here okay what organizational hierarchy explains human life what the what what that's a lot of like gobbledygook right Dr Quaker I don't I don't know all these terms that's fine I'm gonna help you learn them okay um so we're going to talk about this here okay levels of organization okay what organizational hierarchy explains human life okay that is what is the principle by which God designed us and built the human body um as we as we know it and so there are many different levels of organization and that's a key principle there's a figure coming up that's going to make a lot of sense okay we start at the smallest level which we might say is the atomic level okay we talk about chemicals or molecules in that kind of in that um in that category we have chemical level cellular level the tissue level the organ level and then the organ system and finally organism okay let's let's look at a picture because it's often much easier to understand okay so when we say levels of organization we're thinking about the smallest level which we would call atoms now we understand there are subatomic particles like quarks and such we're ignoring those for now okay okay the chemists can get and physicists can get angry at me at this point okay but atoms atoms compose all matter okay matter is composed of atoms okay so things like oxygen and carbon and whatever okay and when those atoms interact then we talk about physics and chemistry okay there are physical properties and laws that govern their interaction and their bonding so that we learn a lot about chemistry class and how those atoms interact and form bonds okay for molecules and all of this we combine into the chemical level of organization okay how do small molecules like ATP and proteins and glucose and lipids come together and interact in a biological system okay the chemical level we move up to the cellular level okay so no longer are we talking about just molecules or matter now we're talking about living things because remember one of those characteristics of living thing is it's cellular okay okay so cells are living okay it's not just matter it's a living thing okay it's not just rocks or sand or water okay so cells cells are a collection of different molecules and proteins from cells we move up to tissues okay a tissue is a collection of many many cells working together for a common function cells to tissues okay tissues if we bring a bunch of tissues together we form an organ if we take a bunch of organs we bring those together we form an organ system and of course many organ systems together and we have an organism okay so from the smallest to the biggest we can begin to see how these levels of organization um have this organization organizing principle about how we're made up and oftentimes when we're trying to understand some medical condition or health condition at an organ or a system level we really need to appreciate it at a deeper or smaller level okay and so we'll look at a couple examples of that a little bit later but this is a key concept to understand which molecule is at which level okay or which structure I should say all right okay how are the topics or systems organized in this course okay in AMP one all right okay so this is a diagram of the nervous system okay nervous system is of course the brain the spinal cord and all the nerves that are servicing the different body parts and there's different colors here indicating different type parts of the nervous system and gray here which is called the CNS the central nervous system again we'll learn about this later and in the red and the blue we have the autonomic nervous system indicated in blue and the somatic nervous system indicated in red now this doesn't make much sense yet because we haven't studied this system but what I want to impress upon you at this point at the beginning of the course as this understanding of the nervous system differentiates and separates what we study in amp1 versus what we study in a and P2 if you take both courses not all of you will take it and that's fine some of you are only going to take a and P1 some of you will take both or just e and B2 okay but I show this figure in each of those classes okay so in this course we're going to be studying all of those parts of the body which are serviced by the somatic nervous system okay the skin the bones the joints the muscles and the nervous system itself I like to call this the outside of the body or the structure of the body the walls of the body okay as opposed to a and P2 okay that's a a course that I teach in the spring okay and it is in sequence with this course we learn about all of the internal organs okay that they filling the body cavities okay like the respiratory system or the digestive system or the cardiovascular system and those are all or organized and run by the autonomic nervous system so even if you don't fully understand that right yet by the end of this course you will understand this figure completely but it helps us understand why do we study these you know the skin bones and joints and nervous system and then we study the other ones well this figure explains why okay because of how the nervous system is organized okay and this is another accompanying figure which kind of is runs in parallel to the previous slide okay these this is a Venn diagram and in the pink are what I like to call all these somatic systems okay skin bones joints and muscles these are all the the first five or six chapters or the first systems that we will study we start off with the skin after some introductory chapters um and then we studied the nervous system okay and believe it or not um these structures plus the nervous system is all we cover in amd1 and it has to do with there's a lot of Bones and there's a lot of muscles and the nervous system is a pretty big deal and hard to understand so that takes all of our time for this semester okay and then in a and P2 in the spring we pick up with the endocrine system and we go all the way through the rest of the visceral systems which the viscera are your organ systems that reside in the thoracic cavity or the abdominal pelvic cavity all right and then these where they overlap the somatic and the visceral systems they overlap and this area of overlap is meant to represent what I call Universal systems and these Universal systems um are are all over the body they're not just in the limbs they're not just in the Torso or in the cavities they're everywhere okay the nervous system the endocrine your cardiovascular system the lymphatic immune system are surfacing all of the body okay so um that's going to be a key organizational principle in this course all right so we're working our way down okay course organizations where we were now systems overview okay depending on how you count the systems there are 12 systems in the human body okay now I say depending on how you count them because for example on this the immune system is often combined with the lymphatic so we call it the lymphatic immune systems okay and they go hand in hand because they work so closely with each other they're really distinct systems but when we teach them we teach them together okay you notice it only says immune here does not mention lymphatic in other cases it'll say lymphatic and it won't mention immune okay potato potato okay the other kind of squirrely thing here is the male and female reproductive systems okay the male reproduct Repro system and the female reproaches Repro systems are very different okay so they're different systems they're both reproduction but they're two systems so we treat them as separate okay but according to this mapping here there are 12 systems and now we're going to go through a set of slides which are going to preview each of these systems and that's part of chapter one is understanding what are the names of these systems what are the important structures that you need to memorize for these systems and then what are their functions okay structure function A and P and adding enthusiology okay so let's start that overview now okay and the very first system that we study in this course after some introductory chapters is going to be the integumentary system okay that's kind of a mouthful integumentary okay the integument is your skin okay it covers Us it forms our fingernails and toenails our hair if you have it um and our sweat glands okay so these are the major structures here skin hair sweat glands Nails okay these are kind of grayed out because they are what are called accessory organs now if you know that now but these are the structures what are the major functions of the skin well protection regulating body temperature and sensory perception okay when something touches you or a mosquito stings you you feel it okay so your sensory organs all sensory receptors embedded in your skin as well as lots of protection you fall down you bump into something your skin is protecting you all right that's the integumentary system okay next system is the skeletal system our skeleton okay our bones but it's not just bones it's the bones and the cartilages and the joints and the ligaments okay including the bone marrow okay these are all the structures that are included in the skeletal system so when two bones come together we form what's called a joint The Joint has special properties that bind those bones together allow some type of articulation either a twisting or or an angular articulation and so we needed to learn about the cartilages that provide some cushioning as well as ligaments which help your knees stay together and your wrists wrist bones stay together okay bone marrow is super important for blood cell production so we study those in conjunction with the skeletal system so the functions related to the skeleton are support and protection that's the most important thing okay you could probably hear that okay my brain is protected from my Knuckles because I have a skull okay okay my rib cage right my rib cage protects my gushy organs that don't need to get gushed okay my lungs and my heart and other major tubes that are running through my thorax okay so protection is a key aspect of the skeletal system not just support that is resisting the force of gravity right gravity is pulling us down towards the Earth and our bones are solid structures that are resisting the force of gravity okay so support and protection okay storage of calcium that's a big function of the skeletal system because lots and lots of calcium and phosphate make up the skeleton and we can pull some of that calcium out if we need it for other physiological purposes so support protect storage and the formation of these blood cells that is true for these for the bone marrow we'll talk about that as well okay so that's system number two number three is the muscular system okay of course there's 300 and something muscles in the body there's lots of them we are not going to memorize all of them but we're going to memorize a good chunk of them okay so there's lots of various muscles and we will learn their names later so the functions of the muscles are obviously primarily movement okay moving the skeleton around okay not only moving the skeleton but also moving soft tissue features like your eyes and your mouth okay there's muscles moving my mouth and my eyebrows but those aren't bones moving they're just soft tissues okay so scrunching your eyes those are your ubicularis oculi but they're not moving bones they're not moving your skeleton they're moving soft tissue okay so they're typically arranged around openings of your body okay your eye your mouth your nose okay so movement okay also some level of protection and support for underlying organs so in your abdominal region you have your abdominal muscles some of us more than others okay and that muscle protects the visceral okay primarily your intestines okay so if you get hit in the gut okay you have muscles that can kind of firm up intense up to provide to provide some measure of protection okay okay you have rib cage only down to about here okay and then you have just connective tissue and muscle heat generation okay our muscles burn glucose and they generate ATP and in the process they produce heat okay so the shiver reflects when it comes to be about November or December or January and it's freezing cold outside and our bodies start to shiver shiver is the micro um tension in your muscles producing body heat because we're cold okay so generating heat and regulating body temperature is a key aspect of the muscular system nervous system okay I gotta move a little bit more quickly here nervous system is really important and it's very complicated but simply at this point the brain and the spinal cord here indicated in the gray that's called the CNS is the central nervous system again you don't need to know that terminology you just have to know brain spinal cord peripheral nerves which here are all the yellow nerves okay this was in combination this somatic and the autonomic that we just saw in the previous slides okay but here it's just grouped together your peripheral nerves and then your sense organs okay your sense organs are all the things that give you your five senses okay touch smell taste vision and hearing okay so your eyeballs your ear balls your balls okay those are your sensory organs okay um part of your nervous system okay your eye and the retina is part of the nervous system okay so functions okay provides immediate response to stimuli it generates integrates and interprets incoming sensory information so data in okay process it and then data out okay so coordinating and communicates outgoing motor and glandular responses to that incoming data so I like to explain the nervous system as kind of a inverted U shape okay so you kind of come up into the body into the brain or the spinal cord and go back out okay so you have some stimulus up and in and then down and out that is in large part how our nervous system works and we'll explain that more later and they're consistent okay we will start this system in the beginning of the spring course and P2 if you take that course okay but you need to know this general information about the remainder of these systems for this course okay endocrine an endocrine is the endocrine system is another system of control very similar to the brain and the nervous system but it works out its control not through direct wiring like nerves and neurons but through glandular secretions that flow through the bloodstream and communicate via cellular receptors okay the major organs here the pituitary the pancreas the gonads okay testes and ovaries and then other endocrine tissues and other organs like the heart has endocrine system function and the kidneys have endocrine function okay the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands all are formal endocrine so here we have the pituitary here is the thyroid here's the thymus the thymus is not listed here because the thymus is normally involved in the immune system okay so ignore that for now the pancreas okay the kidneys are shown in order to properly position the adrenals the adrenals of those little cap structures that sit on top of your your kidneys and then ovaries in this case because it's female or testes if it was a male okay so here's a close-up view of the pituitary gland there's both an anterior and a posterior pituitary but don't worry about that right now okay the functions of the endocrine system okay long-term changes in activity okay adjusting the metabolic activity so controlling energy reserves and usage throughout the body okay and then controlling many structural and functional changes during development okay so from when you're a baby to Childhood and when you're a toddler during puberty for sure and then becoming an adult there's lots of life cycles changes that are making big changes to your body okay hair and sexual organ development and and whatnot okay hormones are controlling those life stage Transitions okay so that's a key aspect of the endocrine systems function all right cardiovascular system okay how do those hormones that we just talked about circulate around the body well we need the cardiovascular system okay and the cardiovascular system is split up into three chapters okay the heart the blood and then the vessels okay the heart the blood and the vessels each of them has a chapter um we'll we'll spend a lot of time going through this system the functions of the cardiovascular of course are to distribute goodies all around the body okay all the good things that we want to keep and move around like water and blood cells and dissolved materials Like Oxygen okay nutrients as well as remove the waste products okay so like urea and other ammonia and other other waste products that want to get rid of the body they circulate until the kidney pulls out the the bad stuff and we urinate that stuff out okay but the cardiovascular system is circulating that's why it is called the circulatory system as well circulates those materials throughout the body okay it also helps distribute heat and a system controlling body temperature body temperature is pretty important okay keeping yourself warm um appropriately is is pretty key and then lastly here maintain and regulate blood pressure okay and we'll spend a lot of time this is really a physiological concept that is so important in amp is the regulation of blood pressure okay too high bad too low also bad so we need to keep it just right all right next system is the lymphatic system okay what we call the lymphatic immune system together the two systems really but we address them as one okay each of them as one okay lymphatic system is another system of vessels they're called lymphatic vessels so they're very similar to blood vessels but they don't move blood they move lymph which is a kind of a body fluid okay but no red blood cells okay so they're moving fluid it's that excess fluid that stays in your tissues okay or would stay if you didn't have this system and then sprinkled along the lymphatic vessels we have lymph nodes okay and in those lymph nodes are collections of B cells and T cells these are lymphocytes that help to filter out any bad guys bacteria viruses dead cells other cellular debris that get caught up in the lymph okay this fluid and then screen them out and protect your body from infection so lymphatic system and immune system work together okay the spleen the the thymus okay let's let's locate these okay the spleen is located here in the abdominal pelvic region it's in the upper left side okay quadrant that's the spleen the thymus is located here right over top of your main tubes okay your aorta and your superior vena cava and your trachea your thymus resides right over top of that and thymus and thyroid are very close to each other and they look kind of similar they look kind of like a butterfly um and so I'll try to make sure that we understand the difference between the thigh the thyroid is higher the thymus is lower lymphatic vessels which are all throughout the body anywhere where you have blood vessels you have lymphatic vessels okay lymph nodes again sprinkled throughout your body they tend to be concentrated in unique places like around the neck the armpits the groin Etc where if you have an infection let's say you're fighting off a respiratory infection and your doctor feels your lymph nodes okay underneath the jawline because you have lymph nodes that are lining your neck and your jaw and if they feel them and they're enlarged that means that your body is fighting off some infection so when you feel them you can feel kind of like pearls on a string an enlargement would indicate an infection and if you have it if it's on one side or the other side if it's not symmetrical when you say well something's happening on this side of your body but not on the other side because one is enlarged but the other one is not and that would be a different type of indication for the for the doctor or the nurse okay um lymph nodes and the tonsils tonsils are a special kind of lymphoid tissue that are found in your pharynx or the throat region um and important again for detecting and mediating an immune response for material entering your body in some cases you get your tonsils removed because they can become inflamed and block the airway but again that is a judgment call for parents and doctors not everybody gets them removed okay functions defense okay that's a big deal defending the body against what I like to call bad guys okay bacteria viruses dead cells cancer cells your immune system does that it's like a centuries or policemen that are walking around and trying to look out for bad guys okay and then also fluid regulation okay returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream okay so we have this excess fluid that is flowing through your body that is another key function all right respiratory system okay the respiratory system we think naturally okay lungs okay the lungs fill with air we can breathe okay but it's also the Airways that are bringing air to the lungs in and out okay so we have the nasal cavity your sinuses which are these kind of hollow chambers within the bone okay your larynx which is this uh voice box that's right here okay that's your larynx the Adam's apple okay right there is where your vocal cords are it's called the larynx we'll learn about that primarily next spring okay the trachea is the windpipe or the air tube that brings the air down and then it bifurcates into the bronchi the bronchi are the right and left sections of the trachea and then the lungs themselves which break down into the alveoli okay with the tiny little air sacs that um the air goes into so those are the major organs or structures in the respiratory system and the major functions here are to deliver air deep into the lung okay so we have to get from the tip of your nose down into your lungs and that is takes some work that's the function of your diaphragm to draw the air in and once the air is in the lungs okay we're performing gas exchange okay oxygen is going in and CO2 is going out okay and that exchange occurs in the alveoli okay so gas exchange and then we already talked about this providing oxygen removing carbon dioxide that's a waste product carbon dioxide we exhale that okay and then producing sounds so I'm speaking to you air is passing past my vocal cords and then it's reaching your eardrums okay that is vocalization kind of requires your respiratory system digestive system okay digestive system okay what we eat and how we get nutrients out of that food okay that's the digestive system many many organs okay we can say it's one tube from your mouth to your anus okay we use the gross words because you got to learn them right amount to anus there's one tube okay it's broken up into a couple different names okay the mouth the pharynx the pharynx not the fairness but the pharynx is the throat okay the esophagus connects the the throat to the stomach here's the esophagus then the stomach the stomach is here okay and then the stomach turns the corner here and it goes into these first these small intestines okay the small intestines are occupy the middle of your abdomen and then the large intestine think about as like a picture frame around the outside here those are your large intestine or sometimes called the colon the ascending the transverse and the descending the sigmoid colon and it terminates in the rectum in the anus okay attached to that single tube are three special accessory organs the liver the gallbladder and the pancreas okay the liver the gallbladder and the pancreas so here's the liver here's the gallbladder okay it's just like a little brown or green blister on the underside of the liver and here's the pancreas you can't see most of it because it is tucked underneath the stomach okay so in esophagus stomach small intestine is here large intestine and then down to the rectum okay what is the function process and digest food take the big bits of food and break them down into little bits okay and then absorb okay absorb them through the intestinal wall and I have a section of intestinal mucosa shown here this is actually Villi and microvilli that are lining your intestine and so your nutrients are actually going through this cell wall here and getting absorbed into your bloodstream and that's where the nutrients need to go okay so digest absorb okay water nutrients and then also storage of energy your liver is a big Storehouse for glycogen okay it stores sugar for a rainy day okay it stores it for later and so the liver storage there is part of the digestive system all right almost done here the urinary system okay urinary system consists of your kidneys your ureters your urinary bladder and then the urethra okay now in males and females the length of the urethra is different okay but those are the four major structures here okay the functions of the kidney here to excrete waste get rid of all the trash that's accumulating in your body in your blood okay also manage water regulation okay how much water if you just drank like three gallons of water you're going to urinate a lot and if you haven't drunk for about two days your urine is going to be very dark and minimal so regulating water balance storing the urine okay so we don't just have a slow dribble of urine down our leg all the time we store it get to the bathroom and then we have our potty time okay thanks to our bladder okay then we regulate blood ion concentration and all kinds of small regulatory processes happen in the nephron which we'll study later okay last set of systems here the male and then the female reproductive system okay first the male um the testes the reproductive tract the prostate gland the penis and scrotum okay so the primary sex organs are the testes and then there's a tract that bring sperm from the testes all the way through these this tract and then finally exit during sexual intercourse okay so those are the major organs there again the functions of the male Repro are to produce these sperm cells your sex cells and then deliver them during intercourse okay make the gametes deliver the gametes that's the major function of the male Repro okay so we're going to talk about spermatids and the seminiferous tubules and meiosis and all the good stuff that's male now we have the female reproductive organ okay and we have the primary sex um organ in the female not the vagina okay ovaries okay so ovaries make the eggs okay which are the gametes so ovaries the uterine tubes okay the uterine tubes are how the egg gets from the ovary to the uterus and the hollow cavity that is inside the uterus okay the uterine tubes the uterus the vagina connects the opening of the cervix to the outside of the of the body then also we include the mammary glands here because it is involved during reproduction in the form of providing nutrients to a newborn baby if the mother desires to breastfeed okay but the body is prepared for that at least okay again functions of the female system produce the sex cells make eggs okay so that female monthly cycle every month there's a fresh egg being produced and maturing okay and then if fertilization and if implantation and if all the things those things occur okay as far as the sperm meets the egg and then it travels down the fallopian tube and then it implants into the wall of the uterus if all those things work well as they ought then we have gestation okay and so we support developing Offspring if that occurs okay and then again if we have successful gestation and birth then the mammary glands are supporting that um newborn baby by by nutrients that are provided there during um in breast milk okay receiving male gametes during intercourse okay so again we're going to go through a lot more detail and all the fun stuff that we get to talk about during that last chapter in ap2 all right I'm getting close I'm going to cover one more major segment here and then I'll close off this lecture okay so that was a review of all of the major systems in the body okay if you are with me for AP one and two we will cover all of those in much more detail but that is the information that you need to know for this course all right how does the body keep all of these systems organized to stay alive and you know I had to okay I'm not a child of the 70s although I was born in 79 okay staying alive staying alive can't help it um homeostasis okay homeostasis is a key concept that you really need to understand okay homeostasis is all the body systems working together to maintain maintain a stable internal environment despite changes to the external environment and internal realities like how much food you've eaten or or whatever okay so that ability to maintain a stable internal environment okay that is what homeostasis is about so systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range okay range is what's important it's not just a certain point but it's actually a range of healthy endpoints okay and a parameter can fluctuate really really low or really really high but hopefully it's staying within that normal range and that is achieved by homeostasis things get too high we come down things get too low it brings it back up then each homeostatic system will have these three components a sensor a control system or a processing um Center and then an effector that produces the change desired and that effector will actually impact the the stimulus okay so let's use an example okay it's kind of hard to understand that in this theoretical realm so an example I like to use which is usually pretty familiar to students is blood sugar okay so this is a graph showing time okay here's 7 am 8 9 10 11 okay so we're eating breakfast right about here we're eating a lunch right about here and this black line here represents the fluctuating blood blood sugar okay your sugar goes up a little bit and down a little bit all day long and it fluctuates in response to meals and hormones that are controlling the amounts of blood of sugar in the blood okay so if the blood sugar is is increasing here because we just had breakfast okay it's going on the way up because you're just dumping a whole bunch of sugar in your blood you just ate like three bowls of Fruit Loops all that sugar is getting dumped into your blood so what happens to blood sugar going up okay and your body senses that and turns on the insulin an insulin's job is to bring that blood sugar down to a more healthy level okay so right around 120 we'll learn about this later okay so insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar but wait it's not just insulin that controls this there's actually another hormone okay and that hormone is glucagon because let's say we're a couple hours away from breakfast and we've dropped our blood sugar down okay we can't get too low or we'll get faint and we'll pass out okay the brain needs a certain level of glucose so we need to keep it up a little bit High and so if levels drop too low then glucagon gets released and then now we start to bring it back up okay so this goes up and down with either insulin or glucagon being turned on or off to help control a normal homeostasis of our blood sugar okay so you don't fully understand that that's fine the key principle here is we keep it keep blood sugar within a normal range and this is healthy okay this is healthy if this level will start to Skyrocket up you might be a diabetic because you might not have enough insulin or you might not make any at all okay or your insulin receptors don't work and so that would be a disease State you need to do something about that all right so that's an example of homeostasis all right so we're going to come back to this a little bit later okay we're going to talk about locus of control and we will finish off the rest of this chapter in our next video which you'll see um in the in the next slide slide deck but this concludes our first lecture I hope you're excited there's more to come talk to you soon