welcome to the final review video for AP psychology exam review I'm super pumped to bring this to you guys so that you can really wrap up your review in hopes of having a better understanding of where the holes are and your understanding right if you've gone through these videos hopefully you now see okay I need to study this area of unit two and this area of unit four so make sure you go back rewatch and get into studying some vocabulary so in unit nine we're talking all about social psych and what you need to understand to be ready for the AP exam so let's get started the learning topics outlined here are the same ones that you'll find on your study guide so make sure if you don't have that it's linked below but really you could just use a loose-leaf sheet of paper and write down those learning topics really quickly and then making sure that you understand you've got to have a concept understanding of all of them and be able to apply them to a scenario but then be able to analyze psychological research that scientific investigation of attitude formation and change what we're going to talk about like first and then conformity compliance and obedience and we're going to talk about the three big research studies there which makes sense because you've got to be able to analyze those research studies so first let's talk about attribution and attribution theory which is where we attribute or find cause for someone's behavior so fundamental attribution errors that says that when we're looking at someone else's behavior we normally make a dispositional which is personality we normally blame who they are as a human being rather than looking at their situation whereas a self-serving bias is that we use attribution theory to our advantage and that when I do something well it's because I'm amazing it's a dispositional cause because I'm just amazing whereas if I mess up know that it's not my fault that I got an F it's because it was really cold in that room and my Chromebook wasn't charged that kind of thing right self-serving bias false consensus is thinking that because you think one way that every does nature confirmation bias we've talked about that one before if you don't know it make sure you go over it just world hypothesis this is a big one that leads to victim blaming and that there is a hypothesis or a phenomenon I normally call it the just world phenomenon which says that we believe that the world is good and just and therefore when bad things happen to you it's because you deserved it bad things happen to people who have done bad things good things happen to people who have done good things and that leads to victim blaming the self-fulfilling prophecy is a big one too but make sure you understand that that's not just your own thought because sometimes self-fulfilling prophecy can be confused with self-serving bias as well as stereotype threat don't confuse them get it clear in your brain self-fulfilling prophecy is when someone else has a prophecy about you or about another person and they treat that person a certain way based on their thought on their bias that ultimately makes them fulfill that prophecy so if a coach thinks that all freshmen suck right they're just awful that coach is never going to play freshman until you know it's one of the last games of the season let's say and you're up by like 48 in a basketball game or something and then they start he plays a freshman the freshman sucks because he hasn't gotten any playing time all year self-fulfilling prophecy cognitive dissonance we've talked about in a previous video we can talk a little bit more about it here in that when there is a dissonance or a difference between our attitudes and our actions our beliefs and our actions that gives us anxiety and we are motivated to make them the same okay and so leon festinger's is a guy who came up with this and an example is I believe smoking is bad for you is bad for me let's say and yet I smoke I don't actually I'm just giving you an example right one of those has got to change yes I have anxiety around the fact that they do not match up it's probably easier to change the thought than it is the behavior especially when it involves a psychoactive drug like nicotine and you become physically addicted to it right and then attitude formation and change this is a big one because remember back here you've got to be able to investigate and analyze research studies in this area so understanding central route to persuasion persuasion using facts about the item itself or what it is you're trying to persuade someone with whereas peripheral route is using other things like attractive speakers or attractive women on a car to get you to buy the car and then this is the next one that you need for skill 3 understanding conformity compliance obedience and the three big studies conformity which is simply doing things because the group does an Ashes Lyme study and how there were nine Confederates in the room and the tenth person was a participant and something like 62 percent of them conformed to what they knew was the wrong answer conformity is powerful compliance with things like groupthink in that I just want to go with the group it appears that everyone in the group is agreeing with the leader and so I don't want to you know wrinkle this I don't want to create like a disturbance so even though I think differently I'm gonna keep my mouth shut that's compliance and then there's obedience with Stanley Milgram shock experiment and that it actually wasn't a shock experiment but it's still unethical because the peep the participants actually believe that they ultimately killed someone by electrocuting them to death and even though afterwards they realize okay I didn't kill someone you've seen inception with Leonardo DiCaprio right once a thought is there it can't go away that's really not a very factual movie but I really liked that theme to it and so that's why I bring it up here and then Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment doesn't necessarily fit in with in one of these three maybe with compliance a little bit of obedience but Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment when he took college students made half of them prison more than half of them prisoners and tried to go for a long time but ended only after days because of the effects of the experiment and how these normal healthy both mentally and physically college students became essentially evil in days within hours of assuming of role and so you can watch TED talks by Sam Bardo now read his books and all of that about and there's even a movie write about how the role you assume makes you will make you do things that you wouldn't otherwise do and I don't want to say it makes you do things it's you decide to do them but it's a really powerful persuasion to make you do them there's so many vocab terms for group influence so please make sure that when it comes to social psych you are studying your vocab terms so making sure you understand the difference between the bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility bystander effect is the effect it's what happens in that as there are more people around the likelihood of someone getting help decreases it's almost like a negative correlation but it's a negative relationship and that as the number of people present around someone who's suffering goes up the likelihood of them being helped goes down that is most often because of diffusion of responsibility in the minds of everyone in the scenario where the bystander effect is happening in the minds of all those people they were thinking unless plenty of people around here someone's bound to help so I don't have to be responsible social facilitation is that as you are being observed of like the more people that are present essentially and you are performing a skill that you're generally good at your performance increases Group polarization says upon discussing something a group becomes more polarized now what that means is if you're in a group of people who are like-minded with you you will leave that conversation feeling even more extreme and committed to the thought that you are like minded about deindividuation is mob mentality and so where there's anonymity being in a big huge group meaning you're anonymous you're likely to do things that you wouldn't otherwise do social traps is where selfish behavior ends up ruining what could be a great scenario for everyone with things like the prisoner's dilemma and then super ordinate goals is what is helpful in things like a prejudice existing scenario people who have prejudices about each other you give them a common goal that they are working towards and that helps kind of dissipate the prejudices speaking of which making sure remember in an out group dynamics the we versus they thing understanding that when in-groups and out-groups exist in groups have a bias towards each other if you're in my in-group you're fantastic if you're in the out group you are all the same right if everyone in the out group has a different skin color for me let's get serious for a second they don't use that word right when talking about a group of people because that means you're committing the out-group homogeneity bias you're saying that they all act and behave the same way and then making sure to understand ethnocentrism prejudice discrimination bias how they all influence how we essentially treat people who might be differently from us and then scapegoat Theory finding someone to blame often based on your prejudices and discrimination mere-exposure effect says that simply by being around someone will increase your affinity to them mere-exposure effect altruism with things like reciprocity norms thinking I'll help you because you're gonna eventually help me the feel good do good if I feel good in life I'm going to do good in life or in a certain day or of my life altruism being that unselfish regard for others and those behaviors that we might do because we just want to be nice to someone else aggression levels being found higher because of higher testosterone levels and the research around taking out anger and aggression actually shows that that's not good because you're not solving the issue you're just creating more aggression which then creates more anger rather than solving why the anger exists in the first place and then attraction factors and that you're more likely to end up with someone who is proximal to you close to you and is similar in the big areas of your life all right guys I hope that you found all of these videos helpful I want to tell you that you're going to do great if you're here and watching these videos and you are truly testing yourself meaning you're not just going over these videos taking notes you're not just looking at flashcards you're testing yourself meaning you get on Quizlet and you take the tests you take practice tests but not even that you give your flashcards to someone else and say dad I need you to tell me the word and I'll tell you the definition don't let me look at the flashcards that's testing yourself you are not going to be able to use your information write your notes and stuff on the test in a normal setting and even if you can like if you're watching this for the 2020 exam if you're relying too much on your notes you're going to run out of time so I'm telling you to prepare for this exam in 2020 as if you can't use your notes if you're beyond 2020 right focus on making sure you don't need your notes to know this stuff set your notes aside talk to it out loud with someone make sure you know it and remember that you're more than invest right you're more than a test have confidence take a deep breath you're gonna do great alright guys I hope to see you again soon bye for now