good day everyone this is Raymond Espanola of Surigao Del Norte State University my students call me simply sir Munch this is the first lecture video for a course on GE gender and Society in this first chapter will be exploring a number of questions that for many people would consider as basic questions you know and these questions require answers before we touch bigger issues related to gender and Society so the first one as you can see here how gender is different from sex what gender uh what do we mean by gender identity gender expression even gender roles the gender binary and also this expression called GNC you might have encountered this in social media or gender non-conformity what it means to be transgender and intersex and finally what gender has to do with sexuality we will end this presentation with soji no what soji actually means so let's let's have the first question how is gender different from sex sex basically refers to physical characteristics what we can see in an individual's body or what we can see in genes in chromosomes on the other hand gender refers to social aspects of our identity sex is typically assigned at Birth and there are typically two categories of sex that is male and female and the assignment of either male or female depends on how your genitalia looks okay so if it's a penis then automatically you are labeled by doctors as male if um if what they see is a vagina a vulva then you'd be labeled as female no but take note there are individuals who are called intersex intersex are those individuals whose bodies do not fully match our um our traditional expectations of what a female body or what a male body is okay so later on we'll have certain slides to explore further what intersex means but basically these individuals do not fully or do not exactly match the our understanding of a male body and a female body okay now typical sex development um is usually the basis for assignment of sex at Birth so we have individuals with XX chromosomes that would typically grow with uh ovaries at the China evolva and a clitoris and I believe you already know the answer to this those with X Y X and Y chromosomes grow to have what characteristics okay so they will grow with this testis Spanish no epididymis and so on so you would have these things no you are these strict binary categories the male body with the penis and a female body with breast and larger buttocks no larger Bots okay but again these are simplified categories for sex because as I mentioned a while ago there are individuals who don't fit into these two strict categories and these individuals are intersex okay so we have this male and female and I hope by now you realize that when we use the term male and female we refer to sexual characteristics no we refer to sex being a male being female and even being intersex we're talking of sex okay not gender because as I presented in the previous slide gender is social dimension of your identity okay so if sex is something that is biological that is linked to your chromosomes linked to your physical appearance gender is so much more gender is social in nature okay just as we are assigned a sex birth we are also assigned a gender and sadly now I say sadly because again we'll um we will explore this later in this video um our assigned gender generally reflects our assigned sex people or even the larger Community tend to be very straightforward and simplistic in assigning our gender they tend to automatically believe that if your sex is male then you should grow as a man okay that being assigned the role of a man is a gender aspect okay where there is a an element of social interaction no or an element of dictating no forcing quote-unquote of other people on to how your identity should be okay so those with vulva are often raised as girls we give them a certain twice we provide them with certain experiences which we tend to believe as um as experiences that should be received by um girls no or as individuals with um um individuals with vagina and those with pennies are often raised as boys so when a parent no would raise a certain individual or would raise a certain child with penis they would usually assign um or buy cars for toys it's not not dolls no for toys now being raised as girls or boys means people assign us gender roles now notice here that we're TR we are specific this time no what people assign to us no what other people what the community what this Society dictates quote unquote to us are gender roles okay these are positions behaviors responsibilities or expectations based on what they have assigned to us that is either being a man or being a woman okay but remember the the behaviors or the expectations to being a man and the expectations of being a woman can vary from country to country or even within countries okay so there are no um there are no rigid set of sets of behaviors as to what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman in any culture okay so here's typical image no of what it means to be assigned with sex and gender at the same time okay again at Birth we are always assigned with either a male or a female depending on our physical attributes no but at the same time the society also labels us signs us of a gender that is in a manner that is straightforward so if the baby is male then the baby is a boy no if the baby is a female then the baby is girl no and when these individuals grow up the assignment of gender roles continues no that females are expected to be the housekeeper no they are expected to take care of children while those boys when they grow up they are expected to you know go outside to be the provider of the family so we tend to have this you know really strict assignment of gender roles aspects of our sex are biological and physical while take note many aspects of our gender are socially learned and acquired through social interactions so as you can see here there are a lot of differences between sex and gender sex can be you know a non-human characteristic can be found in animals while gender is unique to humans because again these are assigned to us by other people through social interactions but as you will learn in this lecture video you will see that gender is so much more is not just limited to being a man and a woman it's not limited to the roles or expectations that the society assigns to us but it's multifaceted complex exists on a Continuum it can change over time and it really differs a lot it differs significantly from sex okay and it can mean femininity masculinity or even the use of our language such as him or his um her or even they Etc and and also as we move forward in the other chapters no that we have prepared for this course you will see that the bigger Society culture politics history ethnicity and so on all have you know have roles to play in the development of gender okay while sex the development of sexual characteristics are just dependent on biology hormones chromosomes gene expression and so on now I hope that's clear no now let's move to gender identity what is gender identity gender identity is how we know ourselves our understanding of who we are our innermost sense our private understanding our subjective understanding of whether we are a man or a woman or something else entirely okay now take note gender identity is not the same as gender role previously no a gender role is something that is assigned by the society by Society to us no our the expected behaviors the expected responsibilities but again when we speak of GI or gender identity that is who we think we are in terms of gender okay so whether how we how we understand ourselves are we a man a woman or something else for some people gender identity is congruent to the sex assigned at Birth okay leading people to believe that sex and gender should match okay because again that's actually for most people I would say that their gender identity would mean or that their gender identity entails congruence between their assigned sex birth and their sense of who they are okay now what really makes someone a man or a woman is it our physical characteristics so that's a question that's worth pondering is being a man or a woman dependent on our biological makeup or dependent on what other people label us or dependent on how we understand ourselves okay now the answer here is this one gender identity what makes us a man or a woman is dependent on how our brain thinks about ourselves as gendered Peaks this is what really matters okay what matters is how our brain processes okay processes our self as a gendered individual and what those genders mean to us regardless of what body parts we or do not possess okay so again let me repeat myself um what makes a man or a woman what makes someone a man or a woman is not solely dependent on the physical characteristics that they possess not dependent on um on what how they look like okay but it depends on how they see themselves okay so imagine let's say for example the the famous um answer of in Miss Universe candidate and I'm sure you've heard of this that the essence of being a woman is the essence of being a woman is when that particular individual can bear child okay now that was a controversial question or that that was a controversial statement because there was an implication that those female individuals who were impotent who couldn't bear children are they not women at all because they couldn't bear children okay so it raised a lot of you know debate um it became a subject of a lot of debates that being a woman was being tied to the ability to bear the ability to conceive a child you know until such time that you know we have this current modern understanding that no being a woman or even being a man is not dependent on whether we can conceive children [Music] is not dependent on what our bodies look like but it really depends on how our brain thinks about ourselves as gendered individuals okay so it's it's not dependent on what body parts we have and so on now there are General Types of People based on gender identity so we have cisgender people these people have congruent sex and gender identity so their sex assigned at Birth is male and then their subjective understanding of who they are is their men okay so that is congruent no on the other hand if an individual is biologically female and then her understanding of her identity is she's a woman that is congruent and again these are cisgender people okay now on the other hand transgender people are those people with incongruent sex and gender identity okay so how does this look like an individual born as biologically male stinks that he is born in the wrong body and that he truly is a woman and therefore should be called she okay so again in that example there is incongruence when an individual has that kind of or is in that kind of situation where there is inconsistent or um the biologic the the sex assigned at Birth doesn't match to you know the ideal or the typical gender identity that's called um they are called transgender people or simply transgender okay so as early as three years old toddlers already have a sense of gender identity that is as early as three years old toddlers have an understanding of what they are know of who they are in terms of gender identity are they a boy or a girl and despite having it early on gender identity is not always expressed in words or actions okay so later [Music] identity is cisgender or transgender later on will also have a slide on that now what is gender expression this is another term gender expression is how a person expresses his or her or their outward um his or her gender identity no the from the term itself expression how the individual manifests how the individual displays outwardly his or her or their gender identity characteristics that are commonly gendered include clothing jewelry and hair length and style also includes activities interests and mannerisms that are observable okay so your interest in certain sports that can be your way of gender expression no um your manner of clothing or your choice of jewelry items okay so there are boys who would like to have long hair there are also boys who would like to use tote bags okay and as you can see here or as you will see later gender expression can be independent from the person's sex and gender identity okay there are six okay let's have this example there are people who are cisgender cisgender men for example cisgender men again are those biologically males and they know they they understand that in terms of gender identity they are men Okay so and there are individuals who are cisgender men but they use feminine clothing they use um feminine bags such as stop bugs you know so yeah complexity now gender expression now General gender Expressions include masculinity masculinity as the society understands as our society defines it means acting tough or sporty or being aggressive dominant or even unemotional femininity means behaving in a nurturing way or being gentle and also a gender expression is gender non-conformity or GNC that is if you don't um if you don't align yourself to either masculinity or femininity important note to remember is that gender expression may or may not correspond with gender identity that's what I was talking about a while ago that someone can be a cisgender man but his gender expression is feminine okay so guys for example it doesn't make him transgender okay so um cisgender man or any biologically male individual earrings here doesn't automatically mean they are transgender foreign sex and gender identity that's why again remember GE or gender expression may not always correspond with gender identity or GI and when that happens when there is no correspondence between the two that doesn't mean abnormality okay that's normal now gender expression varies depending on the cultural context and time consider crying for example crying is a sign of vulnerability in many cultures so and crying is also considered in many cultures including the Philippines as a feminine Behavior a week so there is this assignment of the society that crying is something that is feminine but take note in other cultures crying is a sign of heroism okay and in feudal Japan so in the early days of Japan crying was a masculine gender expression because it was considered as a form of heroism now I have a question here what other behaviors are examples of gender Expressions that vary across culture so I also got this image online that in the early 20th century boys were dressed in pink because pink was considered a masculine color and girls were dressed in feminine colors and blue was considered a feminine color the division of callers for gender only changed during World War II so imagine that's how it all began we began or we started or early in the history of humanity you know that pink was considered feminine I know pink was considered masculine but now it's different so as you can see in in movies for example Barbie you know or even toys that you can see in stores right now so pink is often associated with girls and femininity While Blue is often associated with trucks associated with um toys for boys or even clothes for boys okay so you see how gender roles changes or how the manner of expressing gender changes and we also have this uh Brad Pitt so as you can see Brad Pitt in 2022 I don't know what event was this but he was seen wearing a skirt okay and it's wearing pink and it was somewhat you know telling the media that um skirts and pinks are no longer masculine items or shouldn't be strictly assigned to men and of course how could you miss Harry Styles in 2020 I think this was part of his I know Vogue and the agendum that time was to really make fashion genderless and he became the icon of that nah men can wear certain clothing such as this as you can see in the image and that it doesn't make the person any feminine okay the person's worth is the same that the person remains to be cisgender okay and yeah what can you say about this what does this say about gender that when a man brings fast food we would consider them would we would consider that man as a funny dad okay and so on but when a woman a mother brings with her fast food we would consider her as a lazy mom ENT stereotypes or prejudices so these are one of the issues that we will explore in the other chapters no but this is just a preview now let's go to gender roles what are gender roles gender roles are those spoken and unspoken duties that are assigned to a person based on their sex or gender identity gender roles not only vary throughout the globe and over time but also within a particular community in 1870 in the U.S women worked as miners Steel Workers hunters and even locksmiths in ancient Egypt there were powerful women who held highest positions in government for example Cleopatra and in our case in the Philippines before the Spaniards came to um colonize us we used to have female leaders called babaylans who were who are your Sailors priestesses and Sages okay and the thing here is gender roles are fluid okay however within a specific culture if one departs from the Norms of accepted gender roles skepticism and devaluing are common okay so if a certain individual biologically male and expected to behave in a masculine manner but deviates okay gastrasia okay the departure from that social expectation that is often a subject of skepticism by a lot of people I buy your feminine like a week so there is devaluing okay berating of individuals when they do not follow the accepted um the accepted Norms of the accepted gender roles no or the Norms of accepted gender roles okay gender roles are fluid to begin with in the Philippines do you see equality in gender roles among individuals or if you've read the article on the ranking of the Philippines in terms of world gender equality it's a reaction Iman gender roles okay males and femalesburg equal participation in the government equal representation in the government or even equal income okay so yeah those are questions that we will answer in class now a quick recap so far what we have covered are these Concepts five Concepts what sex is what gender is and we have more specific gender related Concepts gender identity gender expression and gender roles okay so when we have this expression gender gender as it is no gender is broad okay it refers to a lot of Dimensions gender roles the what people expect of us gender identity our self-concept our belief our understanding of who we are gender expression our outward expression of Who We Are okay and sex of course is the biological element of you know our identity now what we have not covered so far are the following what we mean by gender binary GNC or gender non-conformity being transgender being intersex and the complex interaction between gender and sexuality and this is where we talk about being heterosexual or and being homosexual now what is gender binary or what is the gender binary the gender binary refers to a structure of understanding wherein sex gender are viewed as consisting only of two choices male female man woman masculine feminine and nothing in between okay that's why we call this the gender binary I would say this is our limited way of categorizing individuals in terms of gender that we like to just have two options in our resume in our biodata forms we just often or even in survey forms no we often have two categories male female man woman or even in our language he she him her okay and that is is that's a tradition no a societal thing a cultural thing that there are only two options okay now when we think about sex or gender in a binary system we tend to identify characteristics that are exclusive to one or the other rather than traits that many people across different genders share behaviors which are part of being gendered individuals strictly and in binary system okay men women males females okay boy or girl why is it that our society seems to maintain the gender binary the answer is related to power or social influence so many would say that there that the binary system has to be maintained because of a certain structure in society that involves the keeping of patriarchy okay but if you are born as biologically male and then you have to grow to be a man and then you have to be the leader of the family or the leader of the community while the others women you're supposed to be subjects no followers and so on that's why right from the start no there are many families who would celebrate birth of boys no and the celebration for the birth of girls is often less Grand because again we have this you know understanding that there are only two categories and that one gender is more Superior therefore has to be more celebrated okay the gender binary is so ingrained in our culture that most of us don't realize that it's causing problems most of us don't notice or don't question it because we consider it as the normal system even the way we speak is inherently binary so we're all guilty of this we just say Boys Girls we Just say he or she you know but this is one thing that we will explore in Chapter 2 the history of gender take note that throughout history there were multiple genders that existed a significant number of people have begun to use words like that's why today no we're talking of the modern day that today a significant number of people have begun to use words like non-binary or genderqueer to describe themselves so they may see themselves as androgynous or gender neutral or they may oppose the boundaries of by binary gendering okay transgender for example many of them would call themselves non-binary that is they don't want to be subjected into the binary gendering system okay non-binary people non-binary dismiss okay no we don't want to be considered man or woman we are genderless we are gender neutral okay so don't categorize as using that okay now what is gender non-conformity so we have here an image of Oswaldo Gomez aka Miss Colombia so this person was found dead in New York City in 2018 and yeah it was you know a sad day for LGBT community in the U.S and I'm sure there were also a lot of similar people who were found dead also who were victims of certain violence here in the Philippines because they were different because they were gender non-conforming what do we mean by gender non-conforming it refers to the experience of someone who doesn't identify or Express as culturally accepted set of gendered behaviors or actions associated with the sex they were assigned at Birth some people describe their gender identity as gender non-conforming or GNC cisgender um trance okay trans people are people whose gender identity is gender non-conforming okay gender expression or foreign not because they are Rebels no but it's just because they have a different understanding a gender identity their understanding of who they are just doesn't match just doesn't match there doesn't match to their assigned sex at Birth okay Nila that's how they brain processes their identity okay that's why they are gender non-conforming okay what are examples of gender non-conforming behaviors that you can think of actually we have a new I have a neutral example here when a husband stays at home full time doing all the chores okay that is an example of a gender non-conforming behavior and Society expect generally provider Family full time that is already gender non-conforming okay but take note that doesn't mean being transgender okay so that's why we separate our discussion here of gender and Conformity anything that doesn't match no that doesn't identify if if someone doesn't identify or Express Society okay that is GNC okay gender non-conformity now an important note for all of us people who demonstrate GNC behaviors May identify in a variety of ways for the cisgender for the transgender Sila or put a non-binary sylla however many people who identify themselves as GNC often see themselves as falling under the transgender umbrella mentioned a while ago not often often times um GNC these are transgender individuals way of understanding themselves gender identity okay but again that shouldn't limit our understanding of what GNC means because again GNC or performing demonstrating gender non-conforming behaviors is not limited to transgender people because even cisgender people or non-binary people do gender non-conforming behaviors now there are other terms there are many terms actually that would be considered as jnc or gender non-conforming non-binary not identifying as a man or woman a gender not having any gender okay no I'm not a man I'm not a woman I'm something else okay and I don't have I don't possess any of these qualities okay by gender having two genders multi-gender multiple gender gender fluid flexible fluid changing identity genderqueer another word for um another word to identify outside of the binary now this is the most important thing or not the most important but one of the important things that you should remember to respectfully use the correct gender identity for someone if he is a he or a she or a they it's usually best to ask them or leave them be as in leave them alone okay mind your own business because remember gender identity is something that is private that is individual that is subjective that's how the brain of that person understands who she or he or they are okay so you cannot impose on a person's identity or I am non-binary no okay it's not our story to tell okay we best it's best to just ask the person if you're close or if you're not close mind your own business okay wait until the person opens up okay now what it means to be transgender transgender refers to someone who identifies with a gender that is outside the expectations associated with the sex they were assigned at Birth some other transgender men or trans men so transgender women or trans women now do we consider trans women as women I think we answered this already that being a woman our being a woman or being a man is just dependent on how the person understands him or herself okay so it it doesn't depend on physical attributes physical characteristics but on their um self-concept okay so if an individual says if a transgender woman asserts that she is a woman we need to respect that okay because that's her gender identity now important notes for everybody being transgender is separate from being gay lesbian or non-binary okay you should not confuse being transgender with being gay or being lesbian okay because that's different later on I'll tell you what being gay or what being lesbian means but again don't lose focus being transgender is just about being [Music] um being identifying with a gender that is outside the expectation of the sex assigned at Birth now being transgender is not also an extreme version of being gay tendency to believe um boy no a young child male very feminine and then people would comment like a crap transgender daily because again being gay is different from being transsexual okay and also being transgender is not a result of some trauma for parenting or abuse okay it's not it's not that transgender identity remains to be stigmatized in many societies which is why young children who are gncs cause distress to parents so my parents all parents love their children and when they notice gender non-conformity not because often times they know how Society can be harsh to people who are gender non-conforming no classroom [Music] um you know abuse later in life vulnerable to you know to those to those abuses these young children who are GNC's experience also anxiety you know getting warned of embarrassment so my glory puts a lot foreign you're different or you are performing behaviors you do behaviors that are not conforming to what Society expects of you now again an important note many masculine presenting girls or tomboys do not grow up to be transgender I again being masculine is being is about gender expression okay that's an outward expression masculine presenting and is conforming but not necessarily being a transgender okay many feminine boys also do not grow up to be trans girls and not all transgender young people demonstrate gender non-conforming behaviors now gender identity can be closely related to gender expression but they are not necessarily equivalent okay gender identity because again that's in the brain okay and gender expression also different because that is in you know that is outwardly expressed okay how do we know when someone is transgender you are wrong if that's your answer or if your answer is sexory assignment you are wrong also okay okay again identity okay no a young sex assigned at Birth okay and also gonga cross dressia and so my cross-dressing if a biologically male dresses up to in a feminine way possibly gender non-conforming languages or another man shoulder bags yeah no okay because again being transgender is a matter of gender identity alone okay now what it means to be intersex now I mentioned in the early part of this lecture video that sex refers to our observable or to those physical characteristics that we can see usually at Birth okay what we know are these ends a fruit vagina and the other end is so there are two categories of sex female and male but this time this is going to change your understanding of sex no but there is a spectrum for sex there are a lot of sexual characteristics that can fall in between vagina and penis okay these are intersex people intersex are those whose sexual or reproductive organs develop differently than the typical male or female body no the Antiquated term the anticulated term hermaphrodite is now considered offensive so we don't call them hermaphrodites anymore some Physicians categorize intersex people as having disorders of sex development but again that's pathologizing a less pathologizing phrase is these are people with differences in sex development they just develop differently they didn't develop abnormally no they just had different sexual development why most intersex people are healthy and their only major differences from others are in their sexual or reproductive organs okay so now I so in general language images here so I'll intersects there are a lot of kinds of intersex people okay depends uh differences in sexual development below that resemble of vagina organs organs okay so again categorize male or female no not male not female but intersex okay some intersex people consider themselves to be part of the lgbtq spectrum While others do not identify to be part of that Community that's why we have longer forms of the abbreviation by emotional lgbtqia plus which means lesbian gay bisexual transgender queer intersex and asexual okay is being intersex a disease or a medical condition I believe I have answered this already it's not the disease because most of them would grow to have normal lives no it's just that they undergo differences in sexual development is being interested sexual type of gender the answer is no also because intersex is a matter of sex just the S okay so it's a complication or it's it's a complex part of sex of being male and female that not everybody can be strictly categorized as male or female because there can be you know variations and these are intersex are transgender people and intersex people the same of course again no because when we say intersex it's about six physical characteristics but when we say transgender we're talking of um we're talking of gender identity we're talking of how the person identifies himself okay our intersex people automatically gay or lesbian um I will leave this question to you okay what does gender have to do with sexuality so this is an interesting part now or the last part also gender identity refers to our own sense of how we see ourselves while sexuality is defined as the gender or genders of the people we are attracted to [Music] fall in love sexuality or formally so sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction or combination of these the first ones of the opposite sex or gender the same sex or gender or to both sexes or more than one gender sexual orientation so there are a lot of um categories that's why it's a sexual orientation Spectrum not a heterosexual our um our common term for heterosexual people are straight people these are people who get attracted to opposite sex or opposite gender okay so a man or biologically female matraxa biologically male a homosexual homosexual male or homosexual female a homosexual male one and gay and homosexual female lesbian they are people who get attracted to people of the same sex or gender okay bisexual people who get attracted to both genders so again take note cutting to lupada and they talk about attraction in love matter of feelings romance gender identity as a brain cognition understanding Nia and gender expression behaviors secluding and so on and biological characteristics okay so any is different sexual orientation Asama in love arouse sexually we have queer people or pansexual people whose attractions span across many different gender identities questioning or curious people who are not sure about their sexual orientation and asexual people who don't experience any sexual attraction for anybody okay now sexual orientation is an enduring pattern take note enduring pattern of romantic or sexual orientation pero engage in sexual activities um homosexual or bisexual sexual activities for work okay for work enduring pattern sex [Music] okay now there are people who are sex workers more engageless a certain romantic activities okay we have MSM menopause sex with men okay okay again it's possible for work okay and women having sex with women or FSF female having sex with females so also open workers okay heterosexual sex of course these are individuals who engages in who engage in sexual activity with another of opposite gender so here is the gender bread person or the gender bread image as a recap just a summary on gender identity as you can see in as a brain as a understanding not subjective only the person can tell while sex is what you can see in between the legs okay and biology so and sex can be male female and intersex and here are or here are the here is a detailed look on those four items no gender identity GI can be man or a woman and gender expression feminine masculine sex assigned at Birth female male or intersex and an attraction okay now in closing take note every person has a unique soji once I saw G therefore s would stand for sex o or s o would stand for sexual orientation GI would stand for gender identity and e or g e that's gender expression these are the four Concepts which are related to gender 101 okay communities and Scholars so GSC Gina clarify actually similar actually just the same lung so GSC would be so sexual orientation GI gender identity e-gender expression and SC sexual characteristics or in this case atom slide karon that is sex okay I still choose to use soji okay are four elements of our gender and sexual identities na go together but not necessarily equivalent sex independency as a sexual orientation independent has a gender identity and the three of them are all independent from gender expression when I say independent from one another sexual orientation gender identity gender expression possibly non-conforming possibly unpredictable pattern possibly foreign she is uh he's a boy okay they're only a gender expression okay boy you're understanding yourself is your gender identity is feminine okay guys drag queen and so on so you see that alone is already a complex soji biologically female transgender man feminine okay but that person actually exists drag race biologically female drag queen see ya as a man [Music] biologically female legacies feminine so this is an invitation for all of you to also describe pin down on someone okay you don't need to share that in class you don't need to share that to everybody because it can be your own personal subjective sense of identity your soji okay so now individuals are not necessarily or should not be strictly categorized as male or female or man or woman that we should not be satisfied or contented with the gender binary no we should not limit ourselves on the gender binary or the binary gendering system no because what we truly have is soji so everybody has unique soji you have unique um configuration of soji and everybody else okay biologically male and gender identity cisgender feminine feminine good numbers foreign can mean a lot of things gay feminine and so on it's best if we always um uh we always consider the person's so G no delete and so on because combination not a unique combination of who you are in terms of identity Nemo no in as far as sex and gender are concerned and that's the end of the chapter so I you know what to do or you know what will happen so I will be asking you these questions and these other questions thank you for listening