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How do Ancylostoma Duodenale and Necator Americanus cause anemia and protein loss?
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These worms attach to intestinal capillaries and cause rupture, leading to anemia and protein loss.
Describe the general characteristics of intestinal nematodes.
They are helminthic organisms with tubular digestive systems and openings at both ends, commonly residing in topsoil and are transmitted through contact with contaminated soil.
Strongyloides Stercoralis has a unique transmission route. What is it?
Transcutaneous (larvae in contaminated soil).
Describe the mnemonic poem's purpose and its first two lines.
The mnemonic poem helps with quick recall for intestinal nematodes. First two lines: 'Enter eggs in the anus will make it itchy, Pork makes you spiral, the muscle gets glitchy.'
What diagnostic test is used for Ascaris Lumbricoides and what is the common treatment?
Diagnostic test: Stool exam for ova and parasites. Treatment: Bendazoles.
What are the primary symptoms of Strongyloides Stercoralis and how is it treated?
Symptoms: GI issues (diarrhea, abdominal pain), respiratory symptoms (cough), Loeffler syndrome (eosinophilic pneumonia). Treatment: Bendazoles, ivermectin.
Identify the risk factors associated with Strongyloides Stercoralis infections.
Immunosuppressed patients, HIV, HTLV-1, alcoholism, occupational exposure (farmers, miners).
What transmission method is associated with Trichinella Spiralis and what are the key symptoms?
Transmission: Consumption of raw or undercooked pork. Key symptoms: Myalgia, periorbital edema, non-specific GI symptoms (fever, chills).
What nematode is associated with rectal prolapse and its transmission?
Trichuris Trichiura. Transmission: Fecal-oral, often in warm, humid climates.
Which intestinal nematode is known for causing obstruction of tubular structures and pneumonitis?
Ascaris Lumbricoides.
What is the transmission method and primary symptom of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Transmission: Fecal-oral, ingestion of pinworm eggs. Primary symptom: Perianal pruritus (itching around the anal area).
What is the hallmark symptom of Ancylostoma Duodenale and Necator Americanus infections and their transmission route?
Hallmark symptom: Cutaneous larvae migrans (itchy snake-like rash). Transmission route: Transcutaneous from contaminated soil.
What high-yield aspect is often neglected by students prioritizing bacterial and viral infections?
Helminthic infections.
How is Enterobius Vermicularis diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis: Cellophane tape test (eggs on tape). Treatment: Bendazoles.
What types of hypersensitivity reactions are involved in the human immune response to nematodes?
Type I hypersensitivity reaction (involving histamine) and Type II hypersensitivity reaction (involving eosinophilic attachment via IgE).
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