Lecture Notes: The Maasai People

Overview

• The Maasai are one of the largest ethnic groups in Burkina Faso with over 6 million people.
• Includes Gurunsi, Lobi, and Bobo peoples.
• Predominantly speak the Moray Dagbani language of the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo phylum.
• Mainly reside in central Burkina Faso (50% of the population), also found in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, and Togo.

Historical Background

• Emerged in the 15th century as invaders from northern Ghana.
• Utilized cavalry to conquer many peoples in Burkina Faso.
• Comprised of various peoples, relatively new ethnic group in the region.

Society and Culture

• Elite Society:
  • Descendants of Princess Yanenga of northern Ghana and a Mande hunter.
  • Known for her beauty and skills as a horsewoman.
  • Escaped her father, married the hunter Riale, and had a son.
• Social Structure:
  • Not homogenous, but a composite of socio-political formations from Maasai elite conquest.
  • Many elites intermarried with local populations, forming Maasai kingdoms.
  • The elite called themselves "Nankomsi" (right to rule), conquered called "Inyonyosi" (ancient ones).
  • Respected and incorporated the people they conquered, referred to as "Tengabisi" (people of the earth).

Governance

• Established multiple kingdoms recognizing the Moko Naba's supreme authority.
• Moko Naba ruled through a council of Naba (chiefs).
• Maintained independence from major empires like Songhai.

Military and Resistance

• Renowned warriors and horsemen.
• Opposed larger African states like Mali and Songhai, sacked Timbuktu.
• Refused to convert to Islam, maintaining traditional African religion.
• Successfully resisted the Moroccan invasion post-Songhai Empire.

Art and Trade

• Known for elaborate masks, used in funerals or mounted on art crops.
• Masks represent ancestors or clan totems, passed through generations.
• Weaving introduced by Mandate traders (17th century), became expert weavers.
• Weaving predominantly male, utilizing indigo for dyeing cloth.

Conclusion

• The Maasai have a rich history and culture.
• Continued production and support for videos available through Patreon.
• Emphasis on knowing one’s history and ancestors.