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What are the primary symptoms of a major hemolytic reaction due to blood transfusion?
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Hematuria, loin pain, fever, chills, oliguria, acute renal tubular necrosis.
What criteria define a massive blood transfusion?
>500 mL in 5 minutes, >4 RBC units within 1 hour, >50% blood volume within 6 hours, or >10 units of packed cells or a blood volume in 24 hours.
Which complications arise specifically from massive blood transfusions?
Citrate toxicity, thrombocytopenia, clotting factor deficiency leading to DIC, and acute lung injury.
What is the immediate treatment step for minor hemolytic reactions?
Supportive care.
What diseases are screened in donated blood to prevent infectious complications?
HIV, Hepatitis, Malaria, Syphilis.
What is the primary treatment for allergenic reactions to blood transfusions?
Administer antihistamines, e.g., Chlorpheniramine Maleate.
What does non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema indicate during a transfusion?
It is a characteristic of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).
What is the treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during massive blood transfusion?
Replace fibrinogen using Cryoprecipitate and other clotting factors.
Which antibodies cause transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)?
Anti-leukocyte antibodies in transfused plasma.
What are the three major categories of blood transfusion complications?
Immune, infectious, and massive blood transfusion complications.
How can febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions be prevented?
By using leukocyte-depleted blood.
What are the key signs and symptoms of TRALI?
Mild dyspnea to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
How should congestive cardiac failure (CCF) during a blood transfusion be managed?
Slow the transfusion, use packed RBCs instead of whole blood, and administer Furosemide.
What are the main monitoring parameters during a massive transfusion protocol (MTP)?
Acid-base status, Hemoglobin, Platelets, PT, APTT, Fibrinogen, Serum Calcium.
What is the management strategy for a suspected major incompatibility hemolytic reaction during a blood transfusion?
Stop the transfusion, recheck blood, administer IV fluids, monitor urine output, and use diuretics like Furosemide or Mannitol.
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