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Which class of pharmacological treatment includes drugs like Sertraline and Citalopram?
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).
What are first-line psychotherapy options for MDD, especially for individuals under 18 according to NICE guidelines?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy, with psychotherapy being first line for individuals under 18.
Which theory suggests that a lack of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are involved in depression?
The Monoamine Theory.
Besides medication and psychotherapy, what lifestyle modifications are recommended for managing MDD?
Exercise, a healthy diet, maintaining a regular schedule, and limiting alcohol and drug use.
When was the term "Major Depressive Disorder" first introduced, and when was it added to the DSM?
The term was first introduced in the 1970s and added to the DSM in the 1980s.
What is the lifetime risk for major depressive disorder, and how does it differ between genders?
The lifetime risk is about 12% (1 in 8), and it is twice as common in females.
What subtype of depression is predicted to become the leading cause of disease burden by 2030?
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
What effectiveness rate is associated with Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and its relapse rate within 12 months for MDD?
ECT has a 50% effectiveness rate, with a 50% relapse rate within 12 months.
What are the core symptoms required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5?
Low mood most of the day for most days and anhedonia (loss of pleasure or interest).
What abnormalities in the body's systems have been linked with MDD?
Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, high cortisol levels, less dexamethasone suppression, thyroid and growth hormone levels, and immune system abnormalities (cytokine release).
What percentage of risk differences for MDD are attributed to genetic factors, and how is this demonstrated?
Genetic factors account for 40% of risk differences, demonstrated by high concordance rates in monozygotic twins and family history as a risk factor.
Describe the difference in symptom presentation required for diagnosing MDD in DSM-5.
Five or more symptoms must be present over at least two weeks, causing significant distress or impaired functioning, and not due to substance use or another medical condition.
Name and explain the model that describes depression as a result of stress on a pre-existing vulnerability.
Diathesis-Stress Model, which posits that stress on a pre-existing vulnerability increases the likelihood of developing depression.
List common comorbid disorders that often occur with Major Depressive Disorder.
Anxiety, substance misuse, ADHD, PTSD, and chronic pain.
Which diagnostic tool measures the severity of depression symptoms?
The Patient Health Questionnaire 9.
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