Class Notes on Chemical Bonding

Introduction

• Chemical Bonding Class | Class 11 | National Sentiment
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Atoms and Nucleus

• There is a nucleus in an atom
  • Contains protons and neutrons
  • The charge of the nucleus is positive
• Electrons have a negative charge

Solitude and Combining

• Atoms do not like to be alone; they tend to combine
• There is an attraction force with other atoms
• It is necessary to know which atoms combine

Types of Bonding

• Ionic Bonding: Happens due to the transfer of electrons
• Covalent Bonding: Happens by sharing electrons

Valence Electrons

• What are valence electrons?
  • Mostly involved in bonding
  • Important in the formation process

Reasons for Bonding

• Why atoms combine to form molecules:
  • Electrons are attracted and participate in special actions

Example of Hydrogen

• Hydrogen always seeks to duplicate
  • Hydrogen maintains 2 valence electrons

Molecular Structure

Lewis Structure

• How is the structure of a molecule formed?
• Example of Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
  • How will the molecule be constructed?

Special Types of Bonds

• Double and Triple Bonds: Sharing multiple electrons at once
• How many electrons are required?

Bonding Energy

• Bonding Energy: Energy required to break a bond
• Energy needs and avoiding weaker bonds

Three-Dimensional Structure

• Bond angles, bond lengths
• How can objects stay flat on a table?

Importance

• Bond Angle: Indicates the shape of the molecule
• Angle between Hydrogen and Oxygen

Concept of Hybridization

• What is hybridization?
• How electrons interact with each other?
• Different types of hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3)

Conclusion

• Ensure proper conditions for correct hybridization
• Things to keep in mind during molecule formation

Important Facts

• Every bond should have a definite position, strength, and angular relation.

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These notes summarize the key aspects of the Chemical Bonding Class.