Lecture Notes on Okinawa and the Ryukyu Kingdom

Introduction to Okinawa

• Okinawa is not just one island but the entire Okinawa prefecture.
• It is part of the southwestern island chain in Japan, known as the Ryukyu Islands.

Historical Background of the Ryukyu Kingdom

• Derived its name from the kingdom of seafaring merchants.
• The kingdom was strategically located among trade centers across the East China Sea.
• The Ryukyu Kingdom had access to various trade ports in the region.

Trade Dynamics with China

• Trade with China was crucial due to its difficulty and prestige.
• To trade with China, a state needed to become a "tribute state" by sending gifts.
• Gaining this status allowed richer trade opportunities.

Competition Among Kingdoms

• Okinawa was divided into three separate kingdoms competing for tribute status.
• The kingdoms regularly sent tribute to the Ming Emperor.
• China grouped all tributes under the label "Liuqiu" (Ryukyu).
• Eventually, Chuzan, the middle kingdom, emerged as the dominant power.

Rise of the Ryukyu Kingdom

• The newly united Ryukyu Kingdom became a prominent middleman in trade.
• This period marked the establishment of their reputation as vital traders.

Japan's Emergence in the Region

• Japan had isolated itself from foreign trade during the early modern era.
• Despite isolation, Japan sought access to Chinese luxury goods.
• The Shimazu clan aimed to bypass trade restrictions by controlling the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Shimazu Control Over the Ryukyu Kingdom

• The Shimazu clan invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom, establishing a form of colonial rule.
• The Ryukyu Kingdom was labeled a feudal dependency of the Shimazu domain.
• To maintain tribute trade with China, the Ryukyu Kingdom's allegiance to Shimazu was hidden.

Transition to Japanese Control

• The Shimazu's control over Ryukyu continued until Japan centralized power.
• The Ryukyus were officially incorporated as Okinawa prefecture after a series of events.
• There was confusion over the status of Okinawa, leading to international incidents.

Impact of World War II on Okinawa

• The Battle of Okinawa was a significant and tragic event in WWII, resulting in considerable loss of life.
• Post-war, the U.S. military retained control over Okinawa, establishing military bases.

Okinawa as a Pseudo-Colony

• Okinawa was treated as a pseudo-colony under U.S. military control.
• U.S. officials attempted to placate locals by promoting Ryukyu heritage while seizing land for bases.
• Protests by Okinawans persisted for a return to Japanese sovereignty and cessation of land seizures.

Conclusion

• After several decades, the U.S. returned Okinawa to Japan but retained military bases.
• The modern-day Okinawa is a blend of rich cultural heritage and complex historical narratives.
• Okinawa is recognized for its beautiful landscapes and unique history, making it a vibrant region with an incredible story to tell.