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Describe the further divisions of epidural anesthesia.
Press to flip
Thoracic, lumbar, and caudal (through the sacral hiatus).
What are the types of regional anesthesia?
Neuraxial (spinal and epidural) and limb blocks.
Define neuraxial anesthesia and its subtypes.
Neuraxial anesthesia blocks nerves at the spinal cord axis (median plane) and includes spinal and epidural anesthesia.
What are the three phases of anesthesia care?
Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.
Why are most patients not premedicated to prevent aspiration before anesthesia?
Most patients are at very low risk of aspiration syndrome.
Describe the ectoderm development related to the nervous system.
The ectoderm develops into the nervous system under the influence of the primitive streak, forming the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (cranial and spinal nerves).
What are the treatment options for post-dural puncture headache?
Bed rest, fluids, pain medications, caffeine, and epidural blood patch.
Outline the CSF flow pathway from the brain to the spinal cord.
CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles, flows through the interventricular foramina to the third ventricle, then through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle, and into the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.
What are the embryonic stages of development relevant to spinal cord anatomy?
Fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, implantation, bilaminar embryo, and trilaminar embryo.
What are common complications of neuraxial anesthesia, particularly spinal anesthesia?
Hypotension due to sympathetic block, and potential for post-dural puncture headache.
Where and why are spinal injections performed between L3 and L5 vertebrae?
To avoid spinal cord injury, as the spinal cord typically ends at the L1-L2 vertebrae.
What are the main components included in anesthesia?
Analgesia, hypnosis, and muscle relaxation.
Describe the differences between spinal and epidural anesthesia in terms of duration and control.
Spinal anesthesia has a shorter duration and stronger block but higher risk of post-dural headache, whereas epidural allows for longer administration and more control.
What are the layers passed through during an epidural injection?
Skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, and epidural space.
What differentiates analgesia from anesthesia?
Analgesia provides pain relief without causing unconsciousness, unlike anesthesia.
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