Lecture Notes: General Organic Chemistry (GOC)

Introduction

• Teacher: Nomita Bhar
• Chapter: General Organic Chemistry (GOC)
• Focus: Basic concepts, classification, nomenclature, and effects
  • Classifications and Isomerism will be covered on Friday
  • Importance of GOC for JEE Mains and JEE Advanced

Session Overview

1. Start from Basics: Master the whole of organic chemistry
   • Trust in the process for JEE preparation
2. Key Areas Covered: Classification, Nomenclature, Effects (Electromeric, Hyperconjugation, Resonance, etc.)
3. Upcoming Sessions: Effects and Isomerism on Friday
   • Confirm understanding of hydrocarbons as fundamentals

Teacher's Background

• Nomita Bhar, Research Fellow, IIT Guwahati, B.Sc, M.Sc, B.Ed, JRF
• Experience: 5+ years teaching

Class Focus

• General Organic Chemistry (GOC): Chemistry of organic compounds
  • Organic Chemistry: Study of organic compounds, their structure, properties, reactions
  • Organic Compounds: Contain carbon, often bonded to hydrogen or other carbons

Key Concepts in GOC

• Hybridization: sp3, sp2, sp (tetrahedral, trigonal planar, linear shapes)
• Bonding: Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) bonds
• Electronegativity and Bond Character: Influence of s-character
• Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons among atoms
• Functional Groups: Determines chemical properties and reactions
  • Examples: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids

Classification of Organic Compounds

1. Acyclic or Open Chain Compounds: Straight or branched chains
   • Example: Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, etc.
2. Cyclic or Ring Compounds: Closed rings of carbon atoms
   • Carbocyclic (Homocyclic): Only carbon atoms
     • Alicyclic: Behave like aliphatic compounds
     • Aromatic: Benzene and derivatives
   • Heterocyclic: Contain atoms other than carbon within the ring (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen)

Hybridization and Structure

• sp3 Hybridization: Tetrahedral, 25% s-character
• sp2 Hybridization: Trigonal planar, 33.3% s-character
• sp Hybridization: Linear, 50% s-character
• Importance of s-character: More s-character increases electronegativity

Nomenclature Rules

1. Longest Chain: Parent structure identified
   • Include maximum substituents
2. Numbering the Chain: Lowest possible locants
3. Substituents: Alphabetical order, prefix (di-, tri-, etc.) not considered
   • Example: 3-methylhexane, 2,3-dimethylpentane
4. Functional Groups: Priority order when naming compounds

Practice Examples

• Examples Provided: Various cyclic and acyclic compounds with different substituents
• Complex Substituents: Iso, Sec, Tert, Neo prefixes for common names, IUPAC naming preferred

Stereochemistry and Isomerism

• Stereoisomers: Same formula, different spatial arrangement
• Geometric Isomers: Different configurations around double bonds

Functional Group Priority Table

1. Carboxylic Acid (COOH) > Sulfonic Acid (SO3H) > Ester (COOR) > Acid Chloride (COCl)
2. Amide (CONH2) > Nitrile (CN) > Aldehyde (CHO) > Ketone (CO)
3. Alcohol (OH) > Amine (NH2) > Alkene (C=C) > Alkyne (C≡C)
4. Halo (F, Cl, Br, I) > Nitro (NO2) > Ether (ROR)

Conclusion and Recommendations

• Assignments Provided: DPP (Daily Practice Problems)
• Final Notes: Mastery through practice, upcoming sessions details

Additional Notes

• Utilize Resources: Notes, assignments, practice sessions
• Get in Touch: Use available platforms for queries and additional practice