Basics of Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
- Lecturer: Dr. Om Jai Lakhani, Consultant Endocrinologist, Sidh's Hospital in Ahmedabad
- Topic: Basics of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Overview
- Definition: Diabetes Mellitus is categorized based on blood glucose levels:
- Fasting Blood Glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL
- Postprandial Blood Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL
- Non-Diabetic Levels:
- Fasting Blood Glucose < 100 mg/dL
- Postprandial Blood Glucose < 140 mg/dL
- HbA1c < 5.7%
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes: Commonly diagnosed in children and young adults.
- Symptoms: frequent urination, weight loss, unexplained fatigue
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Type 2 Diabetes: Most common form, generally asymptomatic at first.
- Common in adults, associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.
- Strong genetic factor, often runs in families.
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes: acute and severe symptoms like frequent urination, extreme thirst, weight loss
- Type 2 Diabetes: often asymptomatic, gradual onset of symptoms
Complications of Diabetes
Microvascular Complications
- Diabetic Retinopathy: leading cause of blindness
- Diabetic Nephropathy: leading cause of chronic kidney disease
- Indicators: elevated urine albumin levels, decreased kidney function
Macrovascular Complications
- Cardiovascular Disease: increased risk of heart attacks and strokes
Management of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
- Insulin Therapy: multiple daily injections or insulin pump
- Requires regular blood glucose monitoring
Type 2 Diabetes
- Lifestyle Modifications: diet, exercise, and weight management
- Medications: oral antidiabetics, sometimes insulin
- Monitoring: regular blood glucose checks, HbA1c every 3 months
New Technologies
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): real-time glucose tracking, reduces need for finger-pricks
- Insulin Pumps: continuous insulin delivery, can be expensive
Prevention and Awareness
- Educating patients about the importance of lifestyle changes
- Regular screening for those with risk factors
Conclusion
- Early diagnosis and proper management can prevent or delay complications.
- Importance of patient education and adherence to treatment protocols.
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