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Explain why subjects in Schachter and Singer's experiment felt different emotions when injected with epinephrine.
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Because their emotions were influenced by an actor's behavior when they weren't informed of the drug's effects, demonstrating that arousal spurs emotion but cognition directs it.
What role does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system play in emotion?
It arouses the body in a crisis, such as increasing heart rate and respiration.
What key question does the psychological puzzle of emotions try to answer?
Do bodily reactions trigger thoughts or vice versa?
Which part of the brain shows increased activity during negative feelings?
The right frontal lobe.
What role does the amygdala play in fear response?
The amygdala shows increased activity during fear response.
Describe the main idea of the James-Lange Theory of emotion.
Feelings follow bodily reactions to external situations; for example, feeling sad because you are crying.
Why is finding the right degree of arousal crucial for optimal performance?
Because too little arousal can cause sleepiness while too much can lead to anxiety, affecting focus and performance.
Describe the 'Low-Road Pathway' and give an example of when it might be used.
The Low-Road Pathway is used for basic likes, aversions, and fears, where sensory input bypasses the cortex and goes directly to the amygdala. Example: Instant reaction to a loud crash.
Which part of the brain shows increased activity during positive feelings?
The left frontal lobe.
What are the three components of an emotion as defined in psychology?
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
What are the two requirements to experience emotion according to the Two-Factor Theory?
One must feel physiological arousal and cognitively label it.
How does the Cannon-Bard Theory differ from the James-Lange Theory?
The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that bodily responses and emotions occur separately and simultaneously.
When does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activate, and what does it do?
It activates after a crisis has passed to calm the body, for example, by slowing heart rate and decreasing stress hormones.
According to Zajonc's theory, how do some emotions occur?
Some emotions occur separately or before cognitive processing, such as reacting to a loud crash before identifying the sound.
What is the 'High-Road Pathway' used for in terms of emotion processing?
The High-Road Pathway is used for complex emotions like love and hatred, involving sensory input travel through the thalamus to the brain’s cortex for analysis.
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