hello my name is brian francia and this semester we will be focusing on biochemistry so what exactly is biochemistry biochemistry is actually the study the study of you guessed it cells okay so it's the study of cells and essentially you're figuring out what makes a cell and how it operates you know what kind of enzymes it uses how do they make these complex amino acids how do they interact with your body how do you breathe how do you perspire right so that's biochemistry and it's very important because biochemistry allows us to figure out what we can do about aids or hiv or sickle cell anemia right so if we study biochemistry we can actually find you know solutions to these problems for instance prep which is a medication to combat um you know stds or specifically specifically you know hiv so prep was created to combat hiv within patients and that was created using biochemistry so you can see how important it is to our daily lives so i implore you to join me on this journey that we're going to take with biochemistry so you and i are both going to cry and that's fine you know if you feel like crying you can do that now before we start i should let you know that i am not affiliated with the ta or the professor i'm doing this on my own accord on my own time and i don't make any money off of this okay i just do it for the benefit of myself and for you because you as a student come first in my studying okay i care about you and i hope that you learn i will do my best to give out proper information and as honest as possible if i don't know something i'll do my best to explain it and understand it more so thank you for taking your time to watch this video and let's get right into the lecture so this lecture is going to focus on the cell first right because if you're going to introduce the concept you're going to do the basic foundations so i will be introducing parts of the cell and we will carry on from there so for our next part of the lecture we're going to be focusing on eukaryotic cells now a eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a lot of organelles or little tiny factories that i like to call them in the cell okay so for instance it has a goldly complex the nucleus the mitochondrion etc now notice that when i teach this lecture i'm going to be simplifying a lot of terms because i don't want to confuse you okay that's not my job my job is to kind of clarify things okay so i'm going to walk you through it i'm going to hold your hand but i'm going to treat you like a college student because you're amazing and you know you should be treated with respect so here we are with the eukaryotic cell now the eukaryotic cell the diameter of the cell so essentially um the distance from this portion to this portion the widest portion is usually about 10 to 100 micrometers okay or nanometer sorry so nanometers for eukaryotic cells now this is about 10 times larger than prokaryotic cell now it's larger because it has to have so many things inside of it has to fit in the nuclear envelope the vesicles the rough endoplasmic reticulum etc and prokaryotic cells they don't really need that so they're a lot smaller than your eukaryotic cells okay now eukaryotic cells are found in plants animals protozoas etc if you look inside your body right now you're gonna find at least one eukaryotic cell i would hope so so yeah these are about 10 to 100 micrometer nanometers in diameter so we will first talk about the plasma membrane the plasma membrane so what is a plasma membrane it is essentially a skin or membrane obviously that is a chemical barrier to the outside world so you're not going to have any like carbon dioxide enter the cell at will because of this plasma membrane and the plasma membrane is actually made of lipids and proteins so we will get into what proteins are made of later and what lipids are made of later but you should know that the plasma membrane is made from fats which are lipids and of course proteins right so it's not that simple but that's what the plasma membrane is made from so remember lipids and proteins make up the plasma membrane and the plasma membrane is a chemical barrier now within a eukaryotic cell there is something called compartmentalization so there are tiny compartments within the cell what does that mean so it means that there are specific um locations for instance the goley complex that does a specific operation right so compartmentalization is very important within our bodies because if we had no comparminalization we would just have one cell that does one thing that's not very efficient it's not good so within each compartment aka organelle there are different functions there are different enzymes that do different things at the same time and that's very important because you know it allows the biological process to be carried out efficiently right so you have something that transports protein something that destroys proteins doing it at the same time in the same cell right so it just cuts down on time and it makes the cell efficient so compartmentalization i'm going to probably spell it wrong compart mentalization well i can barely fit it compartmentalization is unique to the eukaryotic cells is unique and very important and the most important thing you need to know about comparalization is that it allows the biological separation so biological biological process uh separate separation right before i forget to tell you specifically in animal cells like the cell of a dog or i don't know like a dolphin or something there will not be cell walls so in animals animals have no cell walls have no cell walls instead we have the plasma membrane okay but in plants plants do have cell walls so it's very it's very shocking right it's like oh you know there's like a different um cell within animals and plants animals don't have cell walls they have plasma membranes plants however do have cell walls okay so now we're going to go into the parts of the cell so within the plasma membrane you will find something that is very cool i think and that's called the cytocytoplasm aka this can also be called cytosol okay so if you see that on exam i just think of cytoplasm so what exactly is cytoplasm so cytoplasm is a thick aqueous environment okay it's like jelly jelly within the plasma membrane so that's what you see as blue right here so that's the cytoplasm okay and it has concentrated protein has concentrated protein so i'm going to put conch and that's concentrated protein within the cytoplasm now 20 to 30 percent of the cytoplasm is protein so about 20 to 30 percent of cytoplasm is protein okay so it's organized and it's a major site for cellular metabolism so let's do it over here so the cytoplasm is useful for cellular metabolism and whenever you think of cellular metabolism think of glycolysis let's see glycolosis something like that actually see uh there we go that's how you spell it like glycolysis and glycolysis is just you know breaking down glucose to make energy so within the plasma membrane you're going to have a cytoplasm which is 20 to 30 protein and it's useful for metabolic operations right so it's going to metabolize glucose into energy and some other operations okay so that's very important for you to know also within the plasma membrane specifically the cytoplasm you're going to have the cytoskeleton okay so the cytoskeleton okay so that's in in cytoplasm and essentially it's a 3d matrix made from protein fibers okay so it's a 3d shape 3d let's say shape made from proteins so twenty to thirty percent of the cytoplasm is protein and those proteins make up the cytoskeleton now what does the uh the cytoskeleton do well it actually gives the cell its shape right so notice that this is kind of like an oval shape right here so it's kind of like an oval shape and um that shape is made from the cytoskeleton okay and the cytoskeleton allows the cell to move allows cells to move half and what else what else and it gives well it guides internal organelle movement okay so now the little factories in here like the goldly complex they can actually move with structure they're not going to be like a bunch of splats and groups inside the cell they're actually going to have a shape to them okay like the mitochondria is an oval shape looks like a jelly bean well that jelly bean shape is created by the cytoskeleton okay so it gives structure to organelles i'm just going to put struct two organelles okay so as a recap the cytoskeleton is found within the cytoplasm which is 20 to 30 percent protein those proteins give the shape itself okay because of well its shape because the proteins make up the cytoplasm sorry the cytoskeleton and the cytoskeleton provides shape to the cell and its organelles it gives the shape to the mitochondria to the nucleus etc okay so it's very important for uh structure and rigidity now we will be talking about the nucleus okay so the nucleus is the largest part of the cell okay and what does the nucleus do well the nucleus stores genetic information and makes most of the dna and some rna so stores stores um genetic info and makes dna and rna that's pretty obvious right pretty obvious it's also bound by a double membrane so as you can see right here this nucleus right here is bound by this guy right here and then a very very thin membrane over there okay so it has a double membrane for you know added protection and for some uh osmosis or whatever so there's some double membrane action now we will talk about the endoplasmic reticulum now notice that there are actually two ers okay we're just going to call endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum er okay because it's a mouthful i'm not really good at speaking so they're smooth and there's also the rough one okay so what's the difference between the smooth er and the rough er well the smooth one actually makes lipids okay so that makes makes lipids or fats so it makes fats right there lipids and the rough one actually makes proteins makes proteins via ribosomes so via ribosomes okay we will talk about ribosomes later so what exactly is the er well the er is actually a network so we're going to call this the er is actually a network of interconnected interconnected closed membrane-bound [Music] vesicles okay so you're probably saying hey you know what's a vesicle so vesicle is just a structure that has cytoplasm and is closed off by fats okay that's what a vesicle is but what exactly does it do what is it well vesicle is just a little structure that transports material so if you consider the cell to be a factory or a warehouse the vesicles are the little baby trucks you know the 18 wheelers that are packed with i don't know fats or proteins or enzymes and they move around the cell transporting those enzymes to the nucleus or the mitochondrion or whatever so those vesicles are like super duper important okay dude they're like really important so vesicles again are structures that have cytoplasm and they're closed off by fats those vesicles are like little transport trucks that transport materials such as enzymes or proteins to different parts of the cell so of course the er is attached directly to the cell and also to the nuclear membrane okay so uh this little guy right here i don't know if you can see that it's like uh kind of like blue rectangles they're attached to the cell okay and they're also attached to the nucleus membrane okay and its job is to make change and to transport cellular materials so the er makes materials it changes the materials depending on where it's going to go and that it's going to transport those materials okay so you can consider the er to be like a warehouse where they make stuff they're going to change the labels change the structure and then they're going to ship it out via vesicles with little baby trucks okay all over the cell so the er is pretty darn important to the cell okay going back to ribosomes which is a key player into the er ribosomes are made from rna and they're made from proteins okay but they're not bound by the membrane so er has ribosomes let's do this in a different color so ribosomes are and the well they're made from rna and protein okay and they're not bound by membrane not bound by the membrane they're actually bound to the er so whenever you see the er you can expect to see those little ribosomes so right here uh you're going to see these little dots and they're a little kind of weird but notice that those dots are actually present they're present right here okay so they're found within the er and what the ribosome does is that it makes proteins it does protein synthesis okay so it makes protein so we're gonna put over here we're gonna put makes uh proteins so you kind of say like a paradox that the ribosome is made from proteins but its job is to make proteins it's kind of weird so you can consider the ribosomes to be a worker within the er factory warehouse so the er makes uh proteins well the ribosomes make the proteins and the er takes the proteins ships it out via vesicles okay so it's kind of like a duo you have this team one makes proteins and then the er takes those proteins and ships it out throughout the cell we will now discuss lysosomes right so lysosomes or lysosomes i uh excuse me well they're not shown on this diagram unfortunately but lysosomes actually act kind of like a waste bin in a factory okay so sometimes when you're making i don't like cheetos right sometimes you have a cheeto that comes out purple or white or something and that's defective so what happens to that cheeto well you have a worker that takes it out the factory line and destroys it they probably eat the cheeto or something but needless to say that product is destroyed okay so lysosomes actually destroy destroy old or defective cells right or products so the in order to do this it has to be very acidic so the ph the internal ph for this organelle would have to be about five okay so the ph is about five right so the enzymes within the lysosomes actually degrade polymers okay so enzymes enzymes break polymers now what is a polymer a polymer is kind of like a collection of building blocks called monomers that form a compound usually protein or dna or something right so again polymers are made from monomers monomers are the essential building blocks of a structure so the enzymes break out polymers and it just destroys it it destroys the cells that make up the organelle okay so it's going to destroy the polymers back into the building blocks called monitors so makes polymers into monomers okay so for instance um with monomers and polymers well let's get into it so to make a protein polymer right so protein is just a polymer it's made from little chains called amino acids okay so a single amino acid we're going to call that a a is just a monomer it's just a building block but whenever you link amino acids together whenever you link monomers together you're going to get a polymer so whenever you link amino acids together etc you're going to get a protein okay and what lysosome does is that whenever this protein gets too old it's going to delete the bond between these things right so you go back from a polymer into the monomer so again a monomer is just the individual building block that makes a polymer okay so in this case that would be a monomer and this right here would be a polymer okay so mono and this is going to be pollo or poly right so there you go so uh polymer and monomer hopefully that explains it to you using the example of protein now you can also do this with glucose but the most simplest one that i can think of right now would have to be with proteins and before i forget lysosomes are located in tiny little sacks filled with acids right so the acid is about 5 ph so lysosomes are individual sacs found within the cell so now we're going to be talking about the golgi or golgi whatever complex okay so the geo the geo what is that was actually a flattened flattened vesicles right so vesicles flattened vesicles of lipids lipids proteins and sugars okay so it's usually found near the smooth er notice that the smoothie air makes lipids okay and the nucleus so near near smooth er and nucleus okay so what does it do what does the golgi complex do well it processes proteins and fats okay so process proteins and fats okay and then it's also going to distribute the cell materials to other organelles why we'll recall that a golgi complex is essentially a whole fleet a whole collection of vesicles and what are vesicles that's right vesicles are like the little trucks in a factory that distribute materials okay so the golgi complex is a whole collection of vesicles a whole collection of uh 18 wheelers okay so again the goji complex is made from vesicles which are made from lipids proteins and sugars and they're near the smooth er because the smoothie are again makes the lipids so they're going to have to transport the fats the lipids to all over the cell so they have to be near the smooth er and they have to be near the nucleus in order to distribute you know dna or whatever it needs to distribute okay so it processes the proteins and processes the fats and distributes them around the cell so finally we will now be talking about the mitochondria which is like the most famous for some reason part of the cell everybody knows it right so it's a powerhouse of the cell haha whatever so the mitochondria we're just going to call it mito okay so the mitochondria is essentially it it has the inner and outer membrane has the inner and outer membrane okay and the mitochondria performs an oxidative energy production okay so it just makes energy so okay so specifically what energy does it make it actually makes atp and if you recall from basic biology atp is adenosine triphosphate okay so it's kind of like the currency within the cell oh we can't make this without i don't know like two atps where do we get our atp we get it from the mitochondria i would like to transport this fat to the uh x part of the cell well you're gonna need one atp to do it okay so essentially it's going to kind of like provide energy to do the operations within the cell okay so the mitochondria is a tiny tiny little baby okay so it's very tiny but like normal babies they're very important in our lives okay you just can't leave a baby unattended you can't leave the mitochondria unattended and you can't ignore it because it's so important within the cell without the mitochondria nothing would get done in the cell okay so it is so important that it has circular dna has circular dna and it has its own genome okay so there's like probably misspelled that so genome essentially has like a different dna uh compared to everybody else now because it has like a different dna compared to the whole entire cell it's believed to have been a descendant from a bacterial okay so that is called the endosymbiotic hypothesis okay so it's saying oh you know the cell must have eaten an organism and that organism was compatible with the cell and it decided to live there and it decided to make atp for the cell so it is believed that this mitochondria was a foreign organism that was devoured by the cell and again that is called the endocybiotic hypothesis so you can call that endo symbiotic hypothesis hypo okay also um because it makes so much energy if you're into bodybuilding or power lifting or whatever you should know that the muscles within your body have trillions and trillions of mitochondria okay so whenever you do a repetition at the gym your muscles are making atp right so um like for one little cell within the muscle there's about 100 mitochondrias and whenever you take creatine you're allowing the mitochondria to create atp at a faster rate at a faster and efficient rate okay so the muscles have like 100 mitochondrias per cell and those mitochondrias provide energy to the muscle whenever you are lifting something heavy okay so essentially that is the end of lecture one so now you know the anatomy of the cell and you shouldn't be confused whenever you have an exam saying oh what what does the golgi complex do what does mitochondria do you know because now you know it and hopefully this lecture helps you out um thank you so much for spending your time with me and i hope that you have a great semester and a great day all right thank you so much and remember that i love you all right have a great day