Lecture Notes

Opening Remarks

• Greetings and excitement about the match result
• Relieved and happy about the long-awaited victory
• Comparison to last year's sad result
• Encouragement to keep up the positive spirit and focus on studies
• Indian team’s victory as motivation for own success
• Inspirational quote by Na Singh Siddu: “People who are working hard will leave”
• Importance of hard work and not losing hope
• Correlation between preparation and achieving good results

Session on Medicine: Overview by Dr. Prine

• Focus on Endocrinology, Neurology, Cardiology, and Rheumatology
• Endocrinology as the starting point, followed by other systems

Comprehensive Medicine Review

Endocrinology

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion)

• Excess ADH → water retention → hyponatremia
• Plasma volume expansion countered by natriuretic peptides → eudemia
• Main questions: high urine sodium (40–90 mEq/L)
• Treatment: fluid restriction, V2 receptor blockers (Vaptans), correcting the underlying cause

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

• Types: Central and Nephrogenic
• Water deprivation test: differentiate between primary polydipsia and DI
• Desmopressin test for further distinction

Acromegaly

• Features: large hands/feet, prognathism, soft tissue proliferation, others
• Diagnosis: IGF-1 levels, Glucose suppression test, MRI for pituitary adenoma
• Treatment: Transsphenoidal resection, drugs like Octreotide, and Pegvisomant

Cardiology

Managing Hypertension

• Classification: Differentiate by stages and age specifics
• Treatment guidelines
• Resistant hypertension: Treatment approaches

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

• Unstable Angina vs. NSTEMI vs. STEMI: Diagnostic and treatment protocols
• Pharmacologic: Antithrombotics, Aspirin, Heparin
• Reperfusion strategies: Thrombolysis vs. PCI

Arrhythmias

• Atrial Fibrillation (AF): Rate control, Rhythm control, Anticoagulation
• Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): Management steps
• Ventricular Tachycardia (VT): Monomorphic and Polymorphic
• Brugada Syndrome: EKG patterns and risks

Neurology

Headaches

• Types: Migraine, Tension-type, Cluster
• Distinguishing features and treatments

Parkinson’s Disease

• Early and core features
• Treatment: Medications and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
• Atypical Parkinsonian syndromes

Rheumatology

Vasculitis

• Types: Large vessel (Takayasu, GCA), Medium vessel (PAN, Kawasaki), Small vessel (ANCA-associated)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

• Clinical criteria and lab diagnostics
• Treatment: Hydroxychloroquine, Immunosuppressants, and new drug Anifrolumab

Scleroderma

• CREST vs. Diffuse: Features and antibodies
• Treatment options and complications

Pulmonology

Asthma and COPD

• Diagnosis and management guidelines
• Differentiating intermittent, mild, moderate, severe asthma

Interstitial Lung Disease

• Types and distinguishing features
• HRCT findings and specific disease markers

Gastroenterology

Hepatitis B and C

• Modes of transmission and chronicity
• Diagnostic markers
• Treatment options

Cirrhosis and Complications

• Ascites: Causes and SAAG differentiation
• Management of complications like SBP

Closing Remarks

• Emphasis on the importance of comprehensive review and continuous practice
• Encouragement to attempt the test related to the session for better understanding and preparation

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These notes aim to cover key points discussed during the lecture and provide a high-level overview that can be useful for a detailed study session or quick revision before exams.