AP World History: Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)

Introduction to the Song Dynasty

Background: Confucianism became the official state philosophy during the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE).
Key Concepts:
- Hierarchical Society: Relationships defined by rank (e.g., father > son, husband > wife).
- Filial Piety: Importance of honoring ancestors and parents, fostering loyalty to the Emperor.
Neo-Confucianism: A revival of Confucianism influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, demonstrating historical continuity and innovation.
Impact on Society:
- Solidified the rulers' power and justified their authority.
- Subordination of women: Restricted legal rights, property rights, and practices like foot binding were prevalent among elites.

Definition: A governmental body that executes the Emperor's commands.
Expansion: Grew in scope during the Song Dynasty to maintain order across China.
Civil Service Examination: Required for bureaucratic positions, emphasizing merit over connections, based on Confucian texts.
- Resulted in a competent and efficient bureaucracy supporting Song rule.

Tributary Relationship: Acknowledged China's supremacy through tribute.
Cultural Adoption: Emphasized Confucian principles; similar civil service examination system.
- Increased marginalization of women's roles compared to China.

Voluntary Adoption: Cultural traits adopted without coercion; earlier influences from 7th-9th centuries.
Political Structure: Organized based on Chinese imperial bureaucracy; adopted Buddhism and Chinese writing system.

Tributary System: Similar to Korea, maintaining independence while engaging with China.
Cultural Influences: Adopted Confucianism and civil service exams but retained a higher status for women compared to China.

Origins: Spreading from South Asia, important beliefs include the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
Branches:
- Theravada Buddhism: Close to original form, primarily for monks.
- Mahayana Buddhism: More inclusive, emphasized compassion, available to all.
- Tibetan Buddhism: Focused on mystical practices.
Chan Buddhism: Distinct Chinese version adapting traditional Chinese values.

Commercialization of the Economy: Surplus production and trade using paper money, credit, and promissory notes.
Home Industry: Significant production of iron and steel for military and agricultural needs.
Agricultural Innovations: Introduction of Champa rice: drought-resistant, double harvests leading to population growth.
Transportation Innovations:
- Expansion of the Grand Canal for trade.
- Improvements in navigation with the magnetic compass and ship design (e.g., junks).

The Song Dynasty was marked by significant cultural and economic developments that influenced not only China but also neighboring regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.