Nationalism in India - Rapid Revision (Class 10)

Introduction

• Focus on Indian National Movement post-1915
• Key Events: Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement
• Influence of Anti-Imperial and Anti-Colonial Movements
• Cultural Movements fostering collective belonging

Context of Nationalism

• British rule increased taxes, cost of living, and forced recruitment
• Conditions caused widespread discontent
• Emergence of Mahatma Gandhi with new struggle principles: Truth and Non-Violence

Satyagraha

• Gandhi’s principle of winning through Truth and Non-Violence
• Implemented in:
  • 1917: Champaran
  • 1917: Kheda
  • 1918: Ahmedabad

Rowlatt Act Protest

• 1919: Rowlatt Act enabling arrest without trial
• National peaceful protests declared; widespread unrest followed
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on 13 April 1919

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

• Tied with Khilafat issue to unite Hindus and Muslims
• Proposal accepted in Kolkata (Sep 1920) and Nagpur (Dec 1920)
• Launched in January 1921
• Participation varied by region and motivation
  • Cities: boycotts of schools, courts, foreign goods
  • Villages: resistance against landlords, local interpretations

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

• Followed Non-Cooperation’s limitations and pause
• Economic depression and opposition to Simon Commission shaped politics
• Congress Lahore Session (1929): Purna Swaraj Resolution passed

Salt March

• 31 Jan 1930: Gandhi’s 11 demands, including removing salt tax
• March from Sabarmati to Dandi, ending 6 April 1930

Movement’s Spread

• Non-compliance with British laws
• Broad participation, including women
• Movement turned violent, leading to Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5 March 1931)

Diversity of Participants

• Rich Peasants: Wanted land revenue reduction
• Small Tenants: Wanted rent reduction
• Industrial Owners: Sought business expansion
• Workers: Better wages and working conditions
• Women: Considered participation as sacred duty
• Untouchables and Muslims: Remained marginally involved due to internal conflicts

Cultural Processes

• Influence through folk tales, songs, poems, and historical narratives
• Creation of National symbols like flags
• Examples:
  • Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: 'Vande Mataram'
  • Abanindranath Tagore: Painting 'Bharat Mata'
  • Rabindranath Tagore: Collection of nursery rhymes and poems

Conclusion

• Unity in struggle against British rule
• Cultural heritage fostered a sense of collective belonging
• Historical reinterpretation emphasized India’s glorious past

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