when it comes to electric vehicles the choices people can buy go far beyond those powered by batteries alone these days they can find all types including options that rely on fuel cells or combine a gas engine in hybrid and plug in hybrids there are four main types of electric cars are available in today's market and those are battery electric vehicle hybrid electric vehicle plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle so today in this video we are taking a look at each type and learn how this electric vehicle works starting with the battery electric vehicles but first if you haven't watched my video on how an electric vehicle works then you can watch it by clicking on the i button battery electric vehicles are also known as all-electric vehicles instead of gasoline these vehicles run solely on battery power the electricity used to drive the car is stored in a large battery pack which can be charged by plugging it into the electricity grid also drivers can charge them at home using level 1 or level 2 ev chargers or use more powerful chargers level 3 designed for commercial charging stations the charged battery pack then provides power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car because pure evs typically run on battery power without an internal combustion engine's assistance they can run much farther on a single charge than hybrid vehicles the main components of the battery electric vehicles are electric motor inverter battery and control module the working of the battery electric vehicle is pretty simple the power for the electric motor is converted from the dc battery to ac as the accelerator is pressed a signal is sent to the controller the controller adjusts the vehicle speed by changing the frequency of the ac power from the inverter to the motor the motor then connects and leads to wheels turning through a cog if the brakes are pressed or the electric car decelerates the motor becomes an alternator and produces power that has been sent back to the battery advantages of battery electric vehicles are their simple construction operation and convenience they do not produce any greenhouse gas and do not create any noise and are beneficial to the environment electric propulsion provides instant and high torques even at low speeds these vehicles are energy efficient converting 80 percent of their energy input into moving the car in contrast gas-powered vehicles are only about twenty percent energy efficient the remaining eighty percent of the energy input is wasted in tail pipe emissions and heat recharging an electric vehicle is easy and the best part is that you no longer need to run to the fuel station to recharge your car a regular household socket can be used to charge an electric vehicle the features of battery electric vehicles are no emissions not dependent on oil cost effective low maintenance reduced noise pollution and easy driving the problems with these vehicles are recharging points short driving range and speed longer recharge time and high price model 3 renault zoe volkswagen e-golf mgzs taranexin and nissan leaf are the examples of battery electric vehicle hybrid electric vehicle these are also known as a series hybrid parallel hybrid or series parallel based on power distribution hybrid electric vehicle have both engine and electric motor the engine gets energy from fuel and the motor receives electricity from the batteries the transmission is rotated simultaneously by the engine and electric motor which drives the wheels this combination helps increase the efficiency of the engine the power distribution allows vehicles to achieve optimum power under most driving conditions a hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the battery instead the battery is charged by regenerative braking and internal combustion engines and unlike most electric cars hybrid electric vehicles charge their batteries through regenerative braking regenerative braking stores the kinetic energy used to stop the car from charging its battery and help the ic engine accelerate the vehicle one type of hybrid electric vehicle the micro or mild hybrid uses a battery and electric motor to make the car run although they can't run solely on electric power they maximize fuel economy by shutting off the ic engine during complete stops the full hybrid has the battery power to make the car move using electricity alone but usually only for short distances the three types of hybrid electric vehicles series hybrid in this the internal combustion engine drives an electric generator and not the wheels the generator not only charges the battery it also powers the motor that propels the vehicle this setup is also known as a range extended electric vehicle since the ic engine powers the battery and motor but never directly drives the wheels parallel hybrid here both an ic engine and an electric motor propel the wheels both work in tandem and deliver optimum power output the batteries in the vehicle charge when the motor works as a generator these vehicles cannot drive stand alone in pure electric mode series parallel these vehicles use both the ic engine and the motor working alone or in tandem power distribution helps the vehicle operate within its optimum range as much as possible giving it high efficiency main components of hybrid electric vehicle engine electric motor battery pack with controller and inverter fuel tank and power electronics the working of hybrid electric vehicle is that the fuel tank supplies energy to the engine like a regular car and the batteries run on an electric motor both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission simultaneously it is a tremendous advantage in low-speed conditions like urban areas it also reduces fuel consumption as the engine stays off during idling periods such as in traffic jams this feature also reduces ghg emissions when a higher speed is needed the hybrid vehicle switches to the ic engine the two drive trains can also work together to improve their performance hybrid power systems are used extensively to remove turbo lag in turbocharged cars like the acura nsx the ic engine can charge up the batteries and hybrid electric vehicles can also retrieve energy using regenerative braking therefore hybrid vehicles are primarily ic engine driven cars that use an electric drive train to improve mileage or performance enhancement the features of hybrid electric vehicles are environmentally friendly regenerative braking system assistance from electric motor smaller engines and higher resale value and the problems of these vehicles are less power it can be expensive poor handling and battery replacement is costly renault captor toyota corolla toyota prius skoda octavia iv bmw x545e mercedes e300 and kia nero are the examples of hybrid electric vehicle plug-in hybrid electric vehicle the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are also called series hybrids plug-in hybrid vehicles expand on the concept of the standard hybrid vehicle they have both an ic engine and a battery powered electric motor this allows the battery to store enough power to feed the electric motor and in turn decrease your gas usage by as much as 60 percent this can save you time and money at the gas pump plug-in hybrids can travel up to 40 miles on electric power alone rather than a couple of miles with a standard hybrid vehicle these vehicles can run in at least two modes first in all electric mode in which the motor and battery provide all the car's energy and second in hybrid mode in which both electricity and petrol or diesel are employed main components of plug-in hybrid vehicles electric motor engine battery power electronics fuel tank and charger if on-board model the working of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is that these vehicles start up in all electric mode and use electricity until their battery pack is depleted once the battery gets drained the engine takes over and the vehicle operates as a conventional non-plug-in hybrid plug-in hybrids can be charged by plugging into an outside electric power source or by engine or by regenerative braking when brakes are applied the electric motor acts as a generator using the energy to charge the battery the electric motor supplements the engine's power as a result smaller engines can be used increasing the car's fuel efficiency without compromising performance plug-in hybrid vehicles also have the facility to utilize regenerative braking they have the ability to run solely on electricity most of the time makes their carbon footprint smaller than that hybrid electric vehicles they consume less fuel as well and thus reduce the associated cost the vehicle market is now quite populated with these chevrolet volt and toyota prius sales shows their popularity the features of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are zero emission when driving on batteries fuel efficient in traffic they're smooth and quiet reduced fuel bills and tax efficient and the problems are they are relatively expensive complex to maintain battery life concerns and resale value uncertainty porsche cayenne s e hybrid bmw 330e chevy volt chrysler pacifica mercedes c350e ford fusion energy audi a3 e-tron kia optima and volvo xc90 t8 are the examples of plug-in hybrid vehicles [Music] fuel cell electric vehicles are also known as zero-emission vehicles they employ fuel cell technology to generate the electricity required to run the car the chemical energy of the fuel is converted directly into electric energy fuel cells produce electricity using a fuel cell powered by hydrogen rather than drawing electricity from only a battery hydrogen fuel cell vehicles require compressed hydrogen the most common element on the planet it takes about the same time as a gas car to fill up hydrogen is safe it carries less energy than gasoline but there's limited infrastructure open to the public to fill a vehicle up with hydrogen main components of fuel cell electric vehicle are electric motor fuel cell stack hydrogen storage tank battery with converter and controller and power electronics controller an advantage of such vehicles is that they can produce their electricity which emits no carbon enabling them to reduce their carbon footprint further than any other electric vehicle another significant advantage of these is and maybe the most important one right now refilling these vehicles takes the same amount of time required to fill a conventional car at a gas pump this makes the adoption of these vehicles more likely soon a major current obstacle to adopting this technology is the scarcity of hydrogen fuel stations still then again battery electric vehicle or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging stations were not a common scenario even a few years back there are also concerns regarding safety in case of flammable hydrogen leaking out of the tanks if these barriers are eliminated fuel cell vehicles may indeed define the future of cars the features of fuel cell electric vehicles are renewable and readily available hydrogen is a clean and flexible energy source to support zero carbon energy strategies they produce almost zero emissions highly efficient when compared to other energy sources and fast charging times the problems with these vehicles hydrogen extraction hydrogen fuel cells need investment overall cost and storage and transportation of hydrogen is more complex toyota mirai river simple rasa hyundai tucson fuel cell honda clarity fuel cell and hyundai nexo are the examples of fuel cell electric vehicles let's take a look at brief summary of what we learned battery electric vehicles are powered entirely by electricity and are more efficient than hybrid and plug-in hybrids hybrid electric vehicles use an internal combustion engine and a battery-powered motor powertrain the engine is used to drive the car and charge the battery when it is empty these vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or plug-in hybrid cars plug-in hybrid electric vehicle uses both an internal combustion engine and a battery the battery is charged from an external socket this means the vehicle's battery can be charged with electricity rather than the engine these are more efficient than hybrid vehicles but less efficient than battery electric vehicles in fuel cell electric vehicle electric energy is produced from chemical energy and the chemical energy is hydrogen so what do you think of these electric vehicle types which one do you prefer let me know in the comments do you know there are different types of electric motors were used that affects the ev performance like its range and long life click and watch this video to find out more about these motors [Music] you