Conference on Diabetes Mellitus

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

• Syndrome caused by insulin malfunction
• Results in dysregulation of blood sugar levels
• Leads to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)

Normal Blood Sugar Regulation

• Nutrients for Energy: Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (CHO)
• Focus on Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are digested into glucose in the intestines
• Glucose: Simple sugar, essential for cellular energy

Blood Glucose Levels

• Blood sugar levels refer to the level of glucose in the blood
• Glucose is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream
• Travels to muscle cells (for energy) or the liver (for storage)

Role of the Pancreas

• The pancreas regulates blood glucose levels
• Releases insulin when blood glucose increases
• Insulin: Acts as a key to unlock cells for glucose entry
  • Enables glucose to enter muscle cells for energy
  • Enables glucose to enter the liver for storage

Prevention of Hypoglycemia

• The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar is low
• Glucagon: Stimulates the liver to release stored glucose

Balance of Insulin and Glucagon

• Insulin decreases blood glucose by unlocking cells for glucose
• Glucagon increases blood glucose by releasing stored glucose
• Maintenance of blood glucose: balance between insulin and glucagon

What Happens in Diabetes Mellitus?

• Insulin malfunction or lack of insulin
  • The pancreas may not produce insulin or produce very little
  • Cells may not be receptive to insulin
• Balance tipped towards glucagon

Resulting Hyperglycemia

• Insufficient insulin leads to predominant effects of glucagon
• Symptoms:
  • High blood sugar level (hyperglycemia)
  • Cells cannot use glucose for energy
  • Fatigue and tiredness
  • Dehydration and thirst due to the body's attempt to dilute the blood glucose

Long-term Effects of Hyperglycemia

• Persistent hyperglycemia can damage vital organs
  • Nerves, eyes, and kidneys