hi today I want to talk about head and torso um we've briefly learned about the skull um um this is frontal bone this is um paral bone oxital bone right um right in the back and in the at the side that's temporal bone today I want to add more more um Bon Landmark um the first one we see here is must must process where where um it is a insertion of um the sternum cidal myoid muscle that's uh in charge of neck movement and also if we look from the button to the top we see here um the forment where the spinal cord going to run through it and then right beside the forment uh you see two occipital Condes where um the skull got in contact or joined um with the first um cervical spine um in a normal um um spine we have seven cervical spine 12 thoracic spine five lumbar spine and then um five fused um sacral and then about four fused um cigal um spine right here and if we look at the spine as a whole um it is a tri actual um join which means we um the the spine can do three um um act U three ples of movement in a normal human spine you see uh some curves for the C spine U the curve kind of kind of um conx anteriorly um it's a little bit more like a like Loris just a little bit um and then the thoracic um spine is U conx posteriorly as normal um kyphosis and because it also make um um joint space with the rib uh to protect the the organ um so it basically doesn't allow too much movement and it um the the the joint itself only allow slight gliding motion which is because you know the you know because of the organ um within this region um typically you don't see too much movement a lumbar right here is more movement U and we will talk more about that and uh the lumbar get this shape uh anterior convex uh when when uh when we human um as a child learn to stand up learn to sit learn to walk um so we uh we develop this shape um the for the lumbar and it's basically uh it helped to keep on the head's uh center of gravity in line with the pelvis okay and then the uh sacral coyal um spies is posteriorly convex again it's normal uh kosis and it's related to pelvic position oh it relate pelvic position to the uh spine so this is normal curve like this um there are several reason that we de develop abnormal um spinal curve like uh when we talked about lower extremity um The Tight hamst Stream will flatten the the lumbar spine that will bring this um interior convex to a little bit straight out um and that would lead more uh compression to the lumbar spine and we we now um use um cell phone or uh computer a lot we May um make worse of the normal rosis by having uh more range of more anterior convex of the C spine okay so um our posture or um the imbalance of our muscle around the head and torso may cause abnormal spinal um curves um like the the picture right here it shows like um lsis typically it's more like a too much pelvic anterior til okay and and AKA it's a a sway back um like this or somebody uh looking like this um a kyphosis is increased posterior um aoristic um curve um it it uh it usually uh is associate with uh cervical Loris because to to compensate the the kyphosis people need to have more uh range of motion or extend more and that would cause U more um cervical Loris just because they they need to maintain a a visual gaze like this okay um and this is from the uh from um the side view if we look from uh the posterior the spine can go um Can can develop um um scoliosis which is a lateral curve like this okay and when a person have a scoliosis uh uh if if happens at the U T um um spine typically the rib will will move along horizontally so say on the spine going to go to uh the right and then the trunk may turn a little bit to the right uh facing the right I'm sorry facing the right and that you that that's when you uh that's what uh typically you will see for a person with a um scoliosis that's the posture okay so now this is the the uh rough um curve of spine