I engineers in this video what we're going to do is we're going to take all of the metabolic pathways that we talked about in great great detail in each individual video and we're going to see how those pathways are interconnected and intertwined and working together that is the main goal of these series of videos It's going to be three videos and what we're going to be doing is talking about how all of these individual Pathways that we talked about in detail are all intertwined and utilized and working together we're not going to focus on a lot of things but ATP and nadh is it's just going to be focusing on the substrates of the pathway and how it's all being connected all right let's get started the first thing that we're going to focus on is we're going to talk about carbohydrates that's the first one that we're going to focus on so let's bring carbohydrates right here smack dab in the middle okay so with carbohydrates carbohydrates the first thing that I want to talk about is how do we store how do we store carbohydrates in the body usually we store carbohydrates in the body P primarily within our skeletal muscles a little bit in the cardiac muscle and within our liver we store it in the form of a polysaccharide called glycogen okay so inside let's draw it right over here let's say here I have glycogen this is the storage form of glucose but let's say that I want to break that glycogen down into glucose monomers so let's say here I have glucose let's say here I have glucose and I want to break that glycogen down into glucose what is that called well guess what we made a nice little thing here for you guys that I really hope you guys utiliz it's going to help you out a lot throughout the process of this video we're going to try to color coordinate everything okay well let's try to find that if we go from glycogen oh here it is glycogen to glucose what is that called glycogenolysis so let's do that with this lime green arrow so we're not going to write down what it is so because then it will get all jumbled up and stuff and it can get pretty intense right so going from glycogen to glucose is called glycogenolysis this would occur in situations in which you're in the fasting state right so in other words you haven't eaten for a while your body's starting to break down glycogen into glucose to utilize it for energy but let's say the opposite let's say that you're in the FED state so you're eating you want to store that glucose in the form of glycogen for later whenever you need to use it so you're eating right now we want to convert glucose into glycogen all right let's go back to the chart and see what that is all right let's see here okay there it is glucose to glycogen that's called glycogenesis let's take the orange arrow and represent that now so here's our orange marker and if we go this way this is called glycogenesis okay so that covers glycogenesis and glyco analysis all right C cool we're good with that now let's cover something else let's say that I want to take and oxidize this glucose I want to break this glucose down I'm going to go through a couple parts here now glycolysis we've already talked about in great detail it's about 10 steps right we're not going to go through every single step we're going to talk about a couple important steps along the way one of those let's say that we get to this point of what's called fructose six bis phosphate I'm just going to put BP and what happens is fructose 16 bis phosphate splits it splits into two special molecules okay and when it splits into these two special molecules one of the molecules is called di hydroxy acetone phosphate and the other one is called glycer alide 3 phosphate right so again glucose is a six carbon molecule fructose 16 phosphate is a six carbon molecule dhap is a three carbon molecule and ga3p or glyceride 3 phosphate is a three carbon molecule okay but now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this glucose I'm going to continue to continue to break it down and I'm going to break it down all the way until I get to this end point here and this end point here is going to be called pyruvate okay pyate and then another thing this dhap he can actually Isom sumarized between this guy so let's say that this guy gets turned into GA 3p eventually he can get converted into what what is that molecule called pyruvate right okay let's draw that right here so we can form from this process if you guys are looking at this from this process we're breaking down glucose all the way into two pyruvate molecules okay well let's see glucose into two pyate oh that's glycolysis so let's go ahead and switch some of these arrows here and make all of these arrows cuz glycolysis is this entire pathway all the way down so all the way down here in red is representing our glycolysis okay so going down here is this way is a part of glycolysis the splitting of these two molecules is a part of glycolysis the conversion of this to g3p as a part of glycolysis and then g3p to pyruvate NG g3p to pyu all right that's pretty cool so that's covering our gsis pathway all right so we generated two pyruvates from the glucose awesome all right what is another thing that we can talk about we didn't show all of the pathways up there because some of them aren't as significant but we're going to talk briefly about this next thing these two pyruvates can then get further converted they get further converted into other molecules which is called acetal COA okay aceto COA and acetylcoa so pyruvate is a three carbon this pyruvate is a three carbon and again we'll make another acetyl COA these acetyl coas are two carbon structures and again this is a two carbon structure so in during this process you lose what's called CO2 we're not going to pay much attention to that right now this step right here if we were to actually Define this stage this stage here is actually referred to as the trans is transition or Preparatory stage okay then you know what happens to these acetal coas they go through the kreb cycle and when they go through the kreb cycle they generate a lot of different types of intermediates and these intermediates as it's going through this process is really important because they help to generate nadhs and fadh2s and all that kind of stuff right we're not going to talk about the amount that you're generating but I do want you guys to remember something that what's happening in this process you do generate what's called nadh's you do generate what's called fadh2s from these kreb cycle processes okay we're not going to talk about how many because we've already done that in individual videos but what happens these nadhs and these fadh2s go where they go to the electron transport chain and when they go to the electron transport chain what's the whole purpose there at the electron transport chain at the electron transport chain they are going to be utilized to produce what primary molecule the primary molecule that you're trying to generate during this process is going to be that of a TP okay so you're trying to generate ATP and ATP is important because ATP is actually the energy form for the cell and it's required for many different types of cellular processes it's required for the certain types of pumps that's required for muscle contraction a lot of different things so it's important to be able to produce this ATP so what have we gone over thus far throughout this process we've gone over following our way down glucose throughout this entire glycolysis Pathway to make pyruvate two of them then pyruvate converted into aceto COA through the transition stage then aceto went through this process what is this process here called this process here is referred to as the kreb cycle and then from the kreb cycle what do you generate nadhs fadh2s and you generate atps but they take it to the electron transport chain where you generate ATP okay now there's another thing when we actually have this happening this next pathway it doesn't occur you know most people don't really talk about this pathway that often but it is an important pathway nonetheless some of this actual glucose can get converted into another molecule which is used to make nucleotides and nerd transmitters and different types of things and it makes this molecule which we talk about here briefly which is called ribos five phosphate and again this is an important molecule for nucleotides and neur transmitters and different types of molecules and what we want to do is we want to take this glucose and we want to make ribos 5 phosphate okay well let's see where that one is oh it's right there pentos phosphate pathway okay and that's in Maroon so if I want to go from glucose to this ribos fi phosphate that is the pentos phosphate pathway and one of the cool things about the pentos phosphate pathway and I'm not going to spend a lot of time is that you generate these things called nadph that's one of the special that comes from this pentos phosphate pathway or the hexos monop phosphate shunt okay so what do we cover so far with carbohydrates we talked about we say glucose to glycogen is glycogenesis glycogen to glucose is glycogenolysis glucose to ribos 5 phosphate is the pentos phosphate pathway primarily the oxidative water part glucose all the way to two pyruvates is what this is glycolysis and then pyu to aceto is the transition stage aceto going through this whole cyclic activity of Keto acid intermediates is the kreb cycle from the kreb cycle you generate nadhs and fadh2s and you do generate some ATP and then these nadhs and fadh2s take those hydride ions to the electron transport chain where it to produce significantly large amounts of ATP produce significantly large amounts of ATP through this process called oxidative phosphorilation okay now that is pretty much going to cover most of the activity that is occurring here for the carbohyd hydrates now what we're going to do guys we're going to stop here we're going to go into another video and we're going to specifically talk about how fats are integrated into this pathway all right Engineers I'll see you in a little