D and F Block Elements

Introduction

• First Section: Corresponds with S and P block elements.
• F Block Elements: Lanthanides and Actinides.
• Inserted Differences: Treatment, similarities, and practical uses.
• Characteristics: Metallic nature, various oxidation states.

Electronic Configuration

• Transition elements in the D block, (n-1)d and ns electrons.
• F block has (n-2)f, (n-1)d, and ns electrons.
• Division of Minerals: Acidic, Basic, Amphoteric.

D Block

General Characteristics

• Transition Elements: Incomplete in orbitals, formation of multi-atomic complexes.
• Uses: Catalysts, coloring and painting, medicine, electricity conduction.

Electronic Structure and Oxidation State

• Scandium Group: 3d, +3 dominant (Scandium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel)
  • Electron configuration: 3d1-10 and 4s2
• Special Alloy Structure: Zn, Cd, Hg specific.

Catalytic Activities

• Anaerobic energy.
• Stable presence.

Chemical Transformations Among D Block Elements

• Overall: Properties of MnO₄- (Permanganate Ion).
• Mercury, Chromium: Oxidizing power, reducing agents.
• High melting point interstitial compound: Carbon, Nitrogen.

Characteristics of D Block Elements

• Melting Point: High, especially Chromium, Tungsten.
• Electronic Tendencies: Identified.
• Various Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7.
• Transformation: Transitions in oxides of Chromium.
• Different Times: Use of Potassium Permanganate, other approaches.

F Block

Lanthanides

• Properties of each class of oxides: Samarium, Europium, light and heavy Lanthanides.
  • Long span oxidations.
• Main Feature: Lanthanide contraction, size decreases.

Actinides

• Radioactive: Uranium, Thorium.
• Major contraction data: Atmospheric use.
• Sufficient Oxidation States: +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Uses: Nuclear energy, medical science.

Interstitial Compounds

• Composition of Alloys: High melting point mixtures.
• Cautionary Composition: Includes MB, multiple elements together.
• Light, firefighter, fire equipment: Useful in mixed material compounds.

Operating Methods

• Hydration Energy: Copper and other elements.
• Connect and Melting Points: Helps in the construction of major transition materials.

Final Comment

• Course Completion: Detailed study, refer to NCERT and other standard books.
• Time Saving: Practical usage, various situations in chemical transformations.