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What are some properties of bases?
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Bases have a bitter taste, turn red litmus blue, and release OH- ions in water.
How are salts formed according to the notes?
Salts are produced when acids and bases react. For example, NaCl is formed when NaOH reacts with HCl.
Identify the uses and formation of baking soda as discussed in the notes.
Baking soda (NaHCO₃) is formed from a brine solution with NH₃ and CO₂. It is used as an antacid and in baking.
What types of reactions produce CO2 as a product? Provide an example.
Acid reacting with metal carbonate produces salt, water, and CO2. For example: Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2.
Describe the process and importance of dilution of acids and bases.
Dilution involves adding water to lower the concentration of acids or bases. This process is important for controlling their strength and reactivity.
What is the role of a universal indicator in chemistry?
A universal indicator indicates both the nature (acidic or basic) and the strength (pH value) of a substance.
Which acids were given as practical examples in the notes?
H2SO4 and HNO3
What is the purpose of using bleaching powder and where is it applied?
Bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)₂) is used for disinfecting water and bleaching cotton.
How does phenolphthalein indicator react in an acidic and basic solution?
Phenolphthalein remains colorless in acidic solutions and turns pink in basic solutions.
Describe the reaction that occurs when an acid reacts with a metal.
It produces salt and hydrogen gas. For example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2.
What defines an alkali? Provide examples.
Alkalis are bases that are soluble in water. Examples include NaOH and KOH.
Where is sodium hydroxide typically used according to the notes?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used in soap making, paper making, and manufacturing artificial fibers.
Explain the significance of the pH scale in determining acidity or basicity.
The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values less than 7 indicate acidity, and values greater than 7 indicate basicity.
What is the definition of an acid according to the lecture notes?
An acid is a hydrogen-containing substance capable of donating a proton.
Explain how plaster of Paris is formed and its uses.
Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄ · 1/2H₂O) is formed by heating gypsum and is used in making casts and fire protection systems.
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