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What is the main function of the Loop of Henle?
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Concentration of urine
Name two substances that should not be present in the filtrate and their presence indicates disease.
Large proteins (e.g., albumin) and red blood cells
Why is creatinine used as a marker for glomerular filtration rate?
Because it is not reabsorbed or secreted
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and is part of the RAAS?
Aldosterone
Where does fine-tuning of reabsorption and secretion primarily occur in the nephron?
Distal convoluted tubule
What substances are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
5% of filtered sodium chloride and some water
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate per 1.73 m² body surface area?
Approximately 90 mL/min
Describe the reabsorption properties of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle.
The descending limb reabsorbs water and is highly water-permeable.
In which part of the nephron is 65% of sodium chloride and water reabsorbed?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What are the main substances secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Uric acid and organic acids (including many antibiotics)
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) in water reabsorption?
It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
What are the main excretion components in the collecting duct?
Water, sodium chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, creatinine, urea
Which part of the nephron reabsorbs 25% of the filtered sodium chloride?
Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
What is the primary method for removing substances from blood into the nephron?
Filtration
What percentage of glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Nearly 100%
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