English Grammar Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Focus of the lecture: Different aspects of English grammar
• Topics covered: Prepositions, basic grammar rules, articles, and tenses

Prepositions

At vs. In

• In: Used for larger areas like countries, cities, continents
  • Example: "I was born in Europe."
• At: Used for smaller, specific places
  • Example: "I am at the farmer's market."

All vs. All Of

• All of: Used with pronouns (e.g., us, them)
  • Example: "All of them have completed their test."
• All: Used in other cases
  • Example: "All students must attend."

Time: In vs. On vs. At

• In: General periods
  • Examples: "In two days," "In 1990"
• On: Specific dates
  • Example: "On Monday"
• At: Specific times
  • Example: "At 12 p.m."

Beside vs. Besides

• Beside: Means nearby
  • Example: "Beside the river"
• Besides: Means in addition to
  • Example: "Besides the suitcases, I have boxes."

Among vs. Between

• Among: Used with groups of three or more
  • Example: "Among her friends"
• Between: Used with two objects
  • Example: "Between going out and staying in"

On vs. Upon

• Generally interchangeable, but upon is more formal

To vs. Than

• Certain words only followed by to (e.g., senior, prefer)
• Use than in comparison

In vs. Into

• In: Static location
  • Example: "In the classroom"
• Into: Movement towards
  • Example: "Into the building"

For vs. Since

• For: Duration of time
  • Example: "For five years"
• Since: Beginning point
  • Example: "Since 2018"

Agree With vs. Agree To

• Agree with: People
• Agree to: Plans or proposals

To vs. For

• To: Destination or direction
  • Example: "Going to Germany"
• For: Benefits, periods, schedule
  • Example: "For my health"

Basic Grammar Rules

Parts of Speech

• Noun: Person, place, thing
• Pronoun: Replaces a noun
• Verb: Action
• Adjective: Describes a noun
• Adverb: Describes a verb or adjective
• Preposition: Links words (e.g., in, on)
• Conjunction: Connects sentences (e.g., and, but)
• Article: "A," "an," "the"

Articles Usage

• A/An: Introduce non-specific nouns
• The: Specific or previously mentioned nouns
• No articles with proper nouns, countries, languages, meals, etc.

Tenses

Present Simple

• Regular actions or general truths
• Marker words: Every day, often

Past Simple

• Actions in the past
• Marker words: Yesterday, last week

Future Simple

• Predicted future actions
• Marker words: Tomorrow, next week

Present Progressive

• Actions happening now
• Marker words: Now, at the moment

Present Perfect

• Actions affecting the present
• Marker words: Ever, never, since

Conclusion

• Emphasis on practicing grammar rules
• Resources: Grammar and exercise books available for further learning