Hey that is a funny way of starting a lecture so once again this is your professor Dr. Cabrera and our lesson for today would be about zoonotic infections Yersinia, Francisella, Pasturella and Bruxella so hold on tight listen to this lecture Let's start with Yersinia. So Yersinia is the cause of what they call before the plague. The plague is an infection of the wild rodents and we are just infected by the bites of the flea from the rodents. This is because of black death which caused, which claimed millions of lives before in the olden times. and our Yersinia testis can be identified as a non-motile, facultative, un-aerobic, cum-negative rod with striking bipolar stenosis.
And the virulent strains of Yersinia usually produce your VNW antigens. So, the incubation period of Yersinia is 2 to 7 days and usually will present with high-grade fever and buboes. And buboes are painful and tender lymphadenopathies, particularly in the groin and the axilla.
And it can produce disunited intravascular hyperfobulation, which manifests as hypotension, altered mental status. and lenaline tri-doctylone. Fortunately, the treatment for Yersinia pestis is quite simple. You can give the drug of Pestis, Sleptomycin.
And we can also give tetracycline as an alternative. So, here are the places where Yersinia Pestis is quite endemic. in the areas of india south east asia especially in vietnam in africa and northern south america the commonest vector for this bacteria is the rat flea synopsila seopsis and now but other fish may also transmit this infection now let's talk about the other members of the genus Yersinia, your species Kental, Enterocolitica and Pseudotuberculosis. So these are all transmitted to humans and these are usually found in the intestinal tract of a variety of animals.
Your Yersinia Enterocolitica is transmitted to humans through contamination of food, drink or even comets. The pseudotuberculosis are transmitted to human through the feces of our domestic farm animals and birds. So how do we prevent and control the infection?
Contact with farm and domestic animal feces or material contaminated is the most common source of infection so we prevent by using protective gears and screening of course of infected animals and also meat and dairy products can be a source of infection. And next on the list is your cancer cell occlusion disease, where in there are animal reservoirs and humans are infected by biting arthropods. by direct contact with infected animal tissues inhalation of oil aerosols or ingestion of contaminated food and water the condition that that is produced with infection of your fancicelic tolerances is called your larinia so your fancicelic tolerances are small gram negative cofamacinus and we can have the uh the source for the specimens would be the blood and we can subject the blood for serologic testing and we can also do culture from lymph node aspirates bone marrow blood tissue and also biopsies and now to continue discussing pancicillia toleransis your pancicillia toleransis is quite infectious agents is quite highly infectious and it causes several conditions one of which is your ulcer glandular tularemia which is the most common type of manifestation of this disease this is acquired through abrasions of the skin and later on after two to six days of incubation it will show inflammatory changes and ulcerating papill will develop and later on there will be regional lymphadenopathies the lymph nodes will enlarge and become necrotic and sometimes it may have it can drain for several weeks Pneumonic Ptolarynia is acquired through inhalation of infected aerosols and it causes peribronchial inflammation and localized pneumonitis.
There are the other conditions. Your Oculograndular Ptolarynia is an infection wherein an infected finger or drop that touches the conjunctiva. and it causes ocular glandular telurinia. The glandular telurinia are just infection of lymph nodes with no ulcers or draining sinuses. The oropharyngeal telurinia are the affectations of the oropharyngeal area and your typhoidal telurinia will usually manifest as septicemia and mind you transicella toleransis is categorized as category a agent for bioterrorism so these are the pictures showing the different types of infections of your transicella toleransis from the fingers, your glandular and ocular glandular manifestations so again just like your Yersinia it is treated with streptomycin or gentamicin which is given for 10 days and rapid improvement is noted and tetrahydroxine is also a good alternative drug which are equally effective but relapses usually will occur and this is note 40. pancicillat, tolerensis is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that's why you can like this your penicillins your cephalosporins because these are all beta-lactam antibiotics okay now let's talk about pasturella okay pasturella In Reticulus, you will usually infect the respiratory tract which are found in cattle, sheep, swine, horses and fowl.
Human infections are quite rare. Your Pasteurera pneumotropica are found as a normal flora of the respiratory tract and gut of the mice and rats and it can cause pneumonia or sepsis when the host of the host and human infections have followed animal bites well the most common presentation would be a history of animal bite later on it is followed by acute onset of redness and swelling and pain on the area of the bite. Pasturella multocida is susceptible to most antibiotics. Fortunately, mycelium D is a drug of choice for such fats and tetracyclines and fluriconolones are good alternative drugs.
Let's talk about brucella. Brucella causes the condition called brucellosis. Infection in people coming from cattle is called your brucella abortus. If the infection comes from dog, it is brucella canis. From fish, brucella sues.
Sheep and goats, that would be your brucella melitensis. and this is usually quite good direct contact with infected animals or consumption unpasteurized or raw milk or cheese. The other infection would be insidious okay it will be continuous or in term intermittent fever and will manifest as malay and may last for months if not treated adequately.
So how do you prevent it? avoid consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products and also prevent direct contact with animals like cattle, goat and sheep which are infected with Bruxella. Bruxella are obligate parasites of the animals and humans.
For humans, the condition that it produces is called Brucelliosis, otherwise called the angiolent fever from alcohol. fever and this organism is killed by pasteurization of so the main histologic reaction that is found in such infection would be proliferation of mononuclear cells, extrudation of fibrin and coagulation necrosis and fibrosis and there will always be the presence of granulomas and these are The granulomas it contains epithelial and thymine cells with central necrosis and peripheral fibroids. There are different species of your bucella, your abortus, which manifests as maldisease without secretive complications.
It can also present with non-castrating granulomas of the reticulo-interterior system. Your Brucella canis usually will cause maldicies and will usually infect dogs and the Philippines. Brucella suiis can present as a chronic infection with superlative lesions and also there can be cascading granulomas. Here, Brucella.
militancies will tend to have a more acute and severe manifestation of the infection. So how do you diagnose this infection? By blood culture, by biopsy for culture like lymph nodes, bone and etc and serum for cellulogic testing. Now culture of bone marrow and blood usually will isolate the cell. So how do we treat this like your the other archipode or zondiac infections we can treat them with tetracycline or ampicillin or a combination of tetracycline like doxycycline either streptomycin for two to three weeks or rifampin for six weeks.
So that ends my lecture folks. I hope you Subscribe and click the thumbs up button and I'll see you again on my next lecture.