Notes on the French Revolution

Introduction

• Late 18th century: France faces its own people.
• Rise of revolutionaries led by Maximilien Robespierre.
• Birth of a Republic from the violence of the French Revolution.

The Conciergerie and Robespierre

• 1794: Robespierre imprisoned in Conciergerie, known as "death's antichamber."
• The Revolution becomes violent, leading to Robespierre’s imminent execution by guillotine.
• Robespierre previously known as "The Incorruptible," he once inspired the nation.

Significance of the French Revolution

• A pivotal moment in history, challenging the monarchy and aristocratic traditions.
• Aimed to recreate society, change politics, and alter human nature through political action.
• Led to the dismantling of the Catholic Church, nobility, and monarchy.

Early Monarchy and Marriage of Louis XVI

• King Louis XIV established Versailles, distancing himself from the populace.
• Louis XVI ascends to the throne after Louis XV's death, feeling unprepared.
• His marriage to Marie Antoinette symbolized political alliances, not love.

Economic Crisis

• France suffered from defeat in the Seven Years' War, leading to financial strain.
• Population growth coupled with economic mismanagement resulted in increased poverty and hunger.
• The royal family's extravagant lifestyle contrasted sharply with the dire conditions of the populace.

Rise of Enlightenment Ideas

• Enlightenment thinkers began to challenge traditional authority and advocate for reason and equality.
• The American Revolution inspired similar thoughts in France, leading to calls for reform.

The Estates General and National Assembly

• Louis XVI’s call for the Estates General after years of neglect sparked demands for representation.
• Robespierre rises as a key figure advocating for the Third Estate, representing the common people.
• The Tennis Court Oath marks the formation of the National Assembly, declaring themselves the true representatives of the people.

The Storming of the Bastille

• July 14, 1789: The Bastille, a symbol of royal tyranny, is stormed by revolutionaries.
• This event marks a significant shift in power from the monarchy to the people.

Establishment of the Republic

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man promotes equality and the sovereignty of the people.
• The National Convention forms, further diminishing the king's power.

The Reign of Terror

• Robespierre and the Jacobins initiate the Reign of Terror to eliminate enemies of the revolution.
• A new method of execution, the guillotine, symbolizes the drastic measures taken.

The Downfall of the Monarchy

• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed as revolutionaries gain control.
• Robespierre’s rise leads to a cycle of violence and paranoia within the revolutionary government.

The Fall of Robespierre

• As the revolution becomes increasingly radical, Robespierre is eventually arrested and executed.
• His death signifies the collapse of the Reign of Terror.

Conclusion

• The French Revolution fundamentally changed the course of history, raising questions about justice and the use of violence.
• Its legacy is seen in revolutions worldwide, echoing themes of liberty, equality, and fraternity.