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What is Prinzmetal angina and what causes it?
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Prinzmetal angina is caused by transient vasospasm and is characterized by chest pain occurring at rest.
What is the primary cause of ischemic heart disease?
Over 90% of ischemic heart disease cases are caused by atherosclerosis.
How does the epicardium relate to the coronary arteries?
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart where most coronary arteries reside.
What is the significance of the posterior descending artery (PDA) in coronary circulation?
The PDA, part of the right coronary artery, feeds the posterior inferior wall of the heart.
What is the clinical significance of detecting troponin in the blood?
The presence of troponin in the blood is a biomarker for myocardial infarction, indicating heart muscle cell death.
What is the role of the right coronary artery in the heart's blood supply?
The right coronary artery feeds all of the right ventricular wall and the posterior part of the septum.
What is the difference between unstable angina and myocardial infarction?
Unstable angina is chest pain occurring without exercise and doesn't always resolve with rest or medication, whereas myocardial infarction involves cell death detected by blood biomarkers like troponin.
What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery?
The left coronary artery branches into the left circumflex (LCX) and left anterior descending (LAD).
What distinguishes stable plaque from unstable plaque in atherosclerosis?
Stable plaque causes chest pain during exercise or stress that resolves with rest or vasodilators, while unstable plaque can rupture, leading to thrombus and acute coronary syndrome.
Which ECG leads are used to assess the anterior and septal regions of the heart?
Leads V1-V4 are used to assess the anterior and septal regions of the heart.
How does microvascular dysfunction contribute to acute coronary syndrome?
While minor microvascular dysfunction contributes to ACS, severe cases can lead to broken heart syndrome (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy).
What is the definition of eschemia in the context of ischemic heart disease?
Eschemia refers to reduced oxygen (hypoxia), nutrient delivery, and waste removal due to decreased blood flow.
Which coronary artery feeds the anterior wall and two-thirds of the interventricular septum of the heart?
The left anterior descending (LAD) artery.
Which coronary artery feeds the lateral wall of the left ventricle?
The left circumflex (LCX) artery.
What are the two types of myocardial infarction and how are they detected on an ECG?
NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevated MI) shows ST depression and is a sub-endocardial infarction, while STEMI (ST Elevated MI) shows ST elevation and is a transmural infarction.
What are the typical ECG findings for a STEMI?
STEMI typically shows elevated ST segments in the ECG, indicating a transmural infarction.
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