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What is the chemical equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate?
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Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + CO2 + Water
Name two natural indicators and how they change color in acids and bases.
Litmus: red in acid, blue in base; Turmeric: no change in acid, red in base.
How is bleaching powder (CaOCl2) formed and what are its uses?
Formed by the reaction of chlorine with dry slaked lime. Uses include bleaching cotton/linen, disinfecting drinking water, and as an oxidizing agent.
What is the chemical reaction for the formation of plaster of Paris?
Formed by heating gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) to produce CaSO4·½H2O.
Why is pH an important factor in preventing tooth decay?
Tooth decay can occur if the pH of the mouth drops below 5.5, which encourages bacterial growth and acid production.
Describe the neutralization reaction.
A reaction between an acid and a base that produces salt and water.
Explain the common uses of baking soda (NaHCO3).
Used in making cold drinks, fire extinguishers, as an antacid, and in baking powder.
What ions are released by acids and bases in aqueous solutions?
Acids release H+ ions, and bases release OH- ions.
How does pH relate to plant growth?
Specific pH levels are required for optimal plant growth; too acidic or too basic soils can hinder plant development.
Define a concentrated acid and how it differs from a dilute acid.
A concentrated acid has less water and a higher amount of acid relative to the solution, while a dilute acid has a higher amount of water.
What distinguishes strong acids from weak acids?
Strong acids completely dissociate in aqueous solutions, while weak acids partially dissociate.
Give an example of a reaction between an acid and a metal.
HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 (Hydrogen gas)
Describe the chemical properties of bases when reacting with metals.
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas.
What are the uses of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)?
Manufacturing soap, paper, refining oil, and making PVC.
List the substances formed in a reaction between a non-metallic oxide and a base.
Salt and water.
Describe the pH scale and what it represents.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. pH < 7 is acidic, pH = 7 is neutral, and pH > 7 is basic.
What is the role of olfactory indicators in acid-base reactions?
Olfactory indicators change their smell in the presence of acids or bases; for example, vanilla essence smells in acid but has no smell in base.
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