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What is the main difference between hormonal IUDs and non-hormonal IUDs like Paragard?
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Hormonal IUDs release progestin into the uterus, while non-hormonal IUDs like Paragard use copper to prevent pregnancy.
Describe the usage schedule for NuvaRing.
The NuvaRing is inserted for 3 weeks and then removed for 1 week.
What hormonal changes occur around day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
There is an estrogen spike that prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg, followed by ovulation.
What are some unique side effects of the NuvaRing compared to oral contraceptives?
Vaginal irritation or discharge, in addition to the typical hormonal side effects.
What are the benefits of using Depo-Provera as a contraceptive method?
It only needs to be injected every 3 months.
List some potential side effects of using hormonal IUDs.
Cramping, changes in bleeding patterns, ovarian cysts, and rare cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.
What are the two main types of oral contraceptives?
Combined (progestin + estrogen) and progestin-only.
Which contraceptive methods allow for immediate return to fertility after discontinuation?
NuvaRing, Implanon, and emergency contraceptives like Plan B and Ella.
Who is recommended to use progestin-only pills and why?
Breastfeeding women are recommended to use progestin-only pills because estrogen can affect milk production.
What are some contraindications for using combined oral contraceptives?
Breast cancer, smoking plus age over 35, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
What are the serious side effects associated with combined oral contraceptives?
Stroke, heart attack, and blood clots.
How long does it take to return to fertility after stopping Depo-Provera?
It can take up to 1 year to return to fertility.
How soon must Plan B be taken after unprotected intercourse to be effective?
Within 72 hours.
What happens to the endometrial lining during day zero of the menstrual cycle?
The endometrial lining thins and bleeding occurs, marking the beginning of the period.
Why is Ella less effective for women with a BMI over 30?
BMI over 30 reduces the efficacy of Ella.
What additional uses do combined oral contraceptives have beyond preventing pregnancy?
They can be used for treating acne, endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and irregular periods.
Why might extended cycle products be preferred by some women?
They are taken for 3-6 months and cause no periods during this time.
What are the primary mechanisms by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Oral contraceptives prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and hinder egg implantation.
List some common side effects associated with estrogen excess in oral contraceptives.
Headaches and nausea.
What is the primary disadvantage of using Depo-Provera in terms of bone health?
It is associated with decreased bone density, which is reversible after discontinuation.
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