Pilot Prep Science 10 - Lesson 1

Jul 27, 2024

Pilot Prep Science 10 - Lesson 1

Instructor Introductions

  • Rachel Chu: Full IB Grade 11 student at John G.D. from Baker High School
    • Passed Science 10IB with a course average of 100
  • Tony Wang: Also an IB student at John G.D. from Baker High School
  • Contact emails provided for questions and assistance with schoolwork

Class Information

  • Class Materials: Slides and recordings will be uploaded to Google Drive folder titled "Pilot Prep Science 10"
  • Class Expectations: Suggested to take notes, and feel free to interrupt if something is unclear

Lesson 1: Chemistry

WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System)

  • Supplementary reading provided; key symbols to memorize:
    • Flammable: Fire symbol
    • Oxidizer: Circle with fire
    • Compressed Gas: Wine bottle
    • Corrosive: Symbol showing material dissolving
    • Explosive: Exploding bomb
    • Acutely Toxic: Skull and crossbones
    • Carcinogen: Human figure with star
    • Irritant: Exclamation mark
    • Biohazard: Circle with intersecting lines
    • Harmful to Aquatic Environments: Fish and tree symbol

Lab Safety

  • Review common sense safety rules; information available after class

Scientific Method

  • Basic principles reviewed; look over additional materials after class

Tips for Graphing

  • DRY MIX Method:
    • D: Dependent (y-axis)
    • R: Responding
    • Y: Y-axis
    • M: Manipulated (x-axis)
    • I: Independent
    • X: X-axis
  • Interpolation vs. Extrapolation
    • Interpolation: Interpret values within given data
    • Extrapolation: Extract values beyond given data
  • VOLTS Acronym for Graphing
    • V: Variables
    • O: Origin and axes (ensure arrows)
    • L: Labels/Legend
    • T: Title (include manipulated and responding variable)
    • S: Scale

Interactive Exercise

  • Match scenarios with appropriate WHMIS labels

Variables in Experiments

  • Manipulated Variable: Variable that is changed (e.g., slope incline)
  • Responding Variable: Variable that is measured (e.g., speed)
  • Controlled Variables: Variables kept constant (e.g., type of toy car)

History of the Atomic Model

  • Democritus: Atoms (atomus) are indivisible particles
  • John Dalton: Billiard Ball Model
  • J.J. Thomson: Plum Pudding Model
    • Discovered the electron
  • Ernest Rutherford: Planetary Model
    • Discovered the nucleus
  • Niels Bohr: Bohr Diagram
    • Electrons in specific energy levels
  • Quantum Mechanical Model: Most up-to-date model
    • Electrons in an electron cloud organized in energy levels
  • Note: Memorize each scientist and their corresponding atomic model

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

  • Physical Change: Substance changes form but remains same chemically (e.g., melting ice)
  • Chemical Change: New substance formed (e.g., rusting iron)
  • Chemical Property: Ability to undergo a chemical change (e.g., combustibility)
  • Physical Property: Ability to experience physical change (e.g., melting point)

Contributors to the Atomic Model

  • Learn last names and models:
    • Democritus: Atomus
    • Dalton: Billiard Ball
    • Thomson: Plum Pudding
    • Rutherford: Planetary
    • Bohr: Bohr Diagram
    • Current: Quantum Mechanical Model

Periodic Table

Periodic Table Organization

  • Periods: Horizontal rows
  • Groups: Vertical columns
    • Group 1: Alkali Metals (highly reactive)
    • Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals (less reactive)
    • Groups 3-12: Transition Metals
    • Group 17: Halogens (extremely reactive)
    • Group 18: Noble Gases (non-reactive)

Three Classes of Elements

  • Metals: Good conductors, malleable, ductile, mostly solid at room temperature
  • Non-metals: Poor conductors, brittle, mostly gases at room temperature
  • Metalloids: Mixed properties of metals and non-metals

Molecular Elements

  • Elements naturally occurring as molecules
  • Mnemonic: “I Bring Clay For Our New House For Pouring Eight Sidewalks”
    • Iodine (I2)
    • Bromine (Br2)
    • Chlorine (Cl2)
    • Fluorine (F2)
    • Oxygen (O2)
    • Nitrogen (N2)
    • Hydrogen (H2)
    • Phosphorus (P4)
    • Sulfur (S8)
  • Alternative Method: “Seven of Seven” visualization from nitrogen (element 7) drawing a seven to identify diatomic elements

Interactive Exercises

  • Identifying chemical changes from provided scenarios
  • Matching atomic models to their contributors

Summary

  • Next week: Properties of atoms and ions
  • Encouragement to ask questions and provide feedback