every bone in the body we're about to do all right so we talked about the other day we can divide our skeleton into two parts axial down the center appendicular your girdles which we're gonna learn those today girdles and then your upper and lower blends oh when you talk about skeleton that includes your bone your cartilage in your ligaments when we talk about joints that's going to be chapter 8 chapter 8 is all the joints in the body okay so chapter 7 we're just gonna focus on the bones the axial skeleton first so we're gonna do this skeleton first there are 80 bones in your axial skeleton this includes your skull which is what we call this collectively your vertebral column and your thoracic cage if I didn't have this model here I don't go over that but you can see the color coding and I mentioned something similar to this the other day posterior view see why I like the picture anyway alright we're gonna do the skulkers the skull can be divided into suit two subcategories cranial bones and facial bones cranial bones and facial bones and there's pictures all throughout these notes that reiterate what I'm showing you because normally I have a spell in my hand and I'm kind of going around like flipping it upside down so you can see it but I'll point it out here so cranial bones here they're responsible for protecting the brain but as we go through it we'll talk about little points foramen I mentioned in the other day but processes pointed parts notches all all of these things are used for attachment so your skull should not be a perfect smooth structure okay the facial bones form the fayth framework for the face and we'll discuss those too of course you have openings and we'll discuss the importance of bases strong so your skull collectively is broken up into your cranial bones and your facial bones any bones okay.what view is this it's a transverse cut what view you are exactly right a transverse said I heard you it's a superior view you're looking down into that so that's what your school would look like if you did a transverse cut and look down move it hey what cut is it midsagittal Harrison yes it is lateral it's off to the side so we call that pear essentially yes very good very good very good all right um so overall it talks about the fact we have the cranial cavity this includes our ears and our middle and inner ears for those of you who are coming back with me to 2402 will learn that like when you talk about your ear canal and all that stuff like it's literally part of your bone like all that grows in there so that's what that's referencing okay you don't just have this luck tube that's in there it's actually part of the book anyway your nasal cavity we're gonna talk about that in detail today your orbit and your orbit your eye sockets made out of seven bones so whenever done with someone says oh they cracked their eyes something or whatever it's not just one thing or their eye bone it's not just one thing it's seven we'll talk about that there are 85 openings including foramina which are foramen the holes canals and fissures you don't have to know all 85 this is my absolute favorite cranny okay and I know you don't care but why because this right here when you look at the nasal cavity it literally looks like a Christmas tree inside and then the respiratory system will come back to this and we're going to discuss it briefly today because it's called the inferior nasal Concha but you have a Christmas tree set up so that when you inhale air it literally starts this turbulence and it spins the air warms and moistens it before it ever touches your lungs and that's literally because of the anatomy of your nasal cavity which is what I always say through your nose and out through your mouth because you warm and humidify that air before it hits your lungs but you can clearly see that here I do absolutely love the cut though is this what cut is this it is a frontal cut it is a frontal cut okay or coronal alright so we're gonna look at the cranial bones first and of course I'll point on this guy here but your slides also have diagrams where each of the buttons are labeled so the cranial bones we have eight of them you have one frontal bone one occipital bone but it mentions parietal bones those are these two here then it and I've already said occipital temporal bones here okay the sphenoid bone is one bone but it's a horseshoe bone and we'll talk about that it shows up on both sides but it's just one bone and then the ethmoid bone you can't see that from the outside at all it's way deep in a reticular situation there so how the slides are divided if now we go through each bone and talk about it briefly things that I'm going to point out just so you know I'm gonna point out terminology that I expect you to be able to start recognizing so if you had this and then you saw these terms you could easily discuss decide or distinguish as to where this button is located so the frontal bone it tells you it's the anterior portion of the cranium what does that tell you anterior portion it's in the front right okay and it mentions that it houses the superior walls of the orbits superior walls of orbits yes they are the top of your eye sockets okay the orbit so um and it contains air filled sinuses we're gonna get to science this in a minute I can show you a diagram that goes with that so of course here the frontal bone there is in yellow you can see clearly where it is the superior orbits and the most anterior facial bone or cranial bone knowledge okay now it stops on lay me the bones and now it goes to the sutures we will cover this in Chapter eight what a suture is but a suture by definition is an immovable joint it's an immovable joint and in your skull you have all of these lines these lines are joints because when you were born your skull wasn't solid it was compressible that's not the word I don't know what I'm where I'm looking for anyway it would compress so that you could go through the birth canal and not squish your brain okay and not traumatize your mom any more than you did so you have these main sutures the coronal suture is on round the crown so it's on the frontal coronal suture and well I'm going to show you on a diagram sagittal guess where the sagittal suture is right down the middle yeah right down the middle so that makes sense so coronal and sagittal makes sense the lambdoid suture is in the back right here this is the lambdoid suture and then you have two squamous sutures the squamous sutures are here or the temporal bone articulates with the prattle bone and the occipital bone do you remember what the term articulate means those two touch you're gonna hear articulate over and over again if it's even on this slide I don't know yeah see sutures mark articulations of prattle bones all you're gonna see over and over again today is articulation where bones touch so here the sutures up close give your coronal suture there here is the squamous suture you can see part of the lambdoid suture here the sagittal suture would be across the top but again if suture is an immovable joint the joints in your cranium cannot move or else it would put your brain at risk for trauma here you can see it on a cadaver and then here is a sagittal cut where you can see those but you can see that suture and you can see this one you can see the inside of the squamous suture as well I get on the cadaver okay occipital bone so now we're back to the bone so we did frontal and we discussed the four sutures thanks so again frontal bone give the coronal suture sagittal suture lambdoid suture squamous sutures the occipital bone is this bone here it mentions that it is the skulls posterior wall and it also mentions that it articulates with the first vertebra what is articulate mean again it touches if I could take this students head off a tip and I already try get it off so that I could show it to you but the occipital bone isn't just right here it literally forms the inferior floor of your skull as well so here are your vertebrae and these to touch your occipital bone articulates with your first vertebra okay and it mentions that there here you have the occipital bone and Brown you can see these lines here are these random lines no those are markings that will help with attachment for other tendons and muscles attachment okay here's an inferior view of the skull and you can that occipital bone again and brown goes all the way underneath that skull here is what we call the foramen magnum that means the largest opening the foramen magnum is what accommodates our spinal cord that's the largest nerve in our body so that's why that's the largest opening we talked about foramen again the other day and I said that their openings free their blood vessels or nerves and of course that accommodates this the largest nerve these right here are where the first vertebrae articulates this is this is where your skull sits on your vertical on a cadaver temporal bones form the in fro lateral aspects of them below and on the outsides okay this is if you were to take it out all by itself but it looked like here we have this processes as a super point process he's not so pointy on this gentleman I'm not sure why but we guy have super pointyness okay here is where it's gonna articulate with the zygomatic bone which is your cheekbone so part of your temporal bone it ends right here leads into your zygomatic or your cheekbone but all of these points and holes they're accommodating they're accommodating some type of muscle or ligament attachment okay you can see here the temporal bones here in orange okay in for a lateral they're towards the bottom and on the sides another diagram superior view looking down on that transverse cut you can see the orange on the cadaver everybody good so far as if father knew that I'm looking through pictures all right the sphenoid bone I like the say knowing one because it's just so unassuming and its mysterious the spin or bone is what we call the bat shaped bone and/or the back bone it's considered a keystone though he so means that it articulates with every other cranial bone so the spin oyk own is a keystone bone because it articulates with every other cranial bone all right that means it touches all of them it mentions here that it has three pairs of processes processes are nothing more than points okay so three pairs of processes are pointing this system point whatever greater wings lesser wings and then the pterygoid process that P is silent if you had to compare greater and lesser wings what do you think the difference would be okay since this is the spend bone one view of it it kind of does look like a bat okay this bone sits right here and on this gentleman you can't see it this is the exit shows and then there's the other side over here it's literally one bump and it does this this is the spin or bone it goes like that so you can see it here on the two sides in fact when people say it happened it him right in his temple that's technically where they're referencing and not the temporal bone itself but where the sphenoidal this to me looks more like a bat a different view of that same bone but you can see the different processes where attached put that service points of attachment the s Boyd bone I mentioned is not a bone that you can see from the outside it's actually very reticular it's deep within the cranium and it mentions that it's part of the nasal septum septum and I'm going to show you that but this bone right here is the one that often leads to death whenever they say oh you hit hard enough it will kill them hard enough will kill him this is why this ethmoid bone just like insert spinner of course behind the facial bones but we have this point here and they always talk like I'm not saying always talk about but you've been in like self-defense courses if you have and they'll tell you to hit on with the butt of your palm like just hit up and if you hit up hard enough the S Lloyd bone sits right beneath the brain and it will just pierce right through so that's what that is you can't see it from the outside but if you hit a hard enough that more bone will shoot up through right you can kind of see where it sits right here yeah I'm sure I'm sure that the people that happens to don't live to talk about okay so here you can kind of see where it is back there behind thingy nasal bones by the facial bones okay so as my bone not something you can write Alesi suture albums sutural bones are a catch-all and these are unique to each individual because some people have a lot of Sutro bones and some people have no sutural bones sutural bones are just bones they kind of show up along the lines of suture so here in this individual you have the occipital bone you of the parietal bones and then you have these little sutural bones here so Sutro bones are just small little bones that show up on the the sutures the only two did I feel like we didn't cover where the parietal bones was there a slide on Friday that I just clicked past anyways if there was we have gone over cranial only so that's frontal occipital - parados - temples this fennoy and in the ethmoid okay front those are cranial bones the sutures that we discussed are the coronal sagittal lambdoid and swamis a lot of people really do well on this test is it surprising the bones but okay now we're on to anything any questions on facial bones not face them whatever we just talked about cranium thank you I really need a secretary would just say huh Bridal p8r i tal you're not gonna be labeling no it'll be asking questions about it okay goodbye a good question I think I'm just tired and it was just happy I'm gonna me to sit right here for a second alright anyways 14 facial bones where it has to means you have two of those bones some of these bones people don't realize you have two of because they fuse during development so you don't actually see two of them but like your nasal bone is right here you have two of them two small tiny bones right here all right so there's nasal bumps your mandible this bone here there's two of them and they fuse together all right so that's what we're gonna look at but made up well here they're all listed we'll go through them the I said mandible this is not me if I said that I meant to say maxilla sorry if I called this available sometimes that fixing anyway this is the mandible the lower jaw is one bone there's not - okay um the mandible is held in place by ligaments it's not physically attached by bone we're gonna talk about the joint here in Chapter eight the joint is called the temporomandibular joint temporomandibular so what is temporal and mandibular tell you temporal bone articulates with the mandible okay sapporo mandibular joint so a lot of times if you have a disorder or an issue here we call it TMJ because that's that's before mandibular joint okay and so that's a good-looking mandible there all right maxillary bones and there's two of them and that's what I had meant to say just a moment ago so you know apologize but you have two of these bones here and it mentions that they medially fuse so as you're developing in utero before you're born they should fuse and individuals that they don't use they have what we call a cleft palate so it kind of raises up because the skin will grow around that it also mentions that the maxillary bones are Keystone bones and do you remember what Keystone means it touches all of them so the maxillary bones touch all the facial bones okay so they're Keystone bugs there it also mentions that they contain the maxillary sinuses and again I told you I'm going to come back to sinuses as soon as I have a diagram for that so this is one maxillary bone one side your right side there you have two all right here it's showing you up close why do you think we have these little holes here they are called foramen they're accommodating either a not a muscle but yeah a nerve or blood vessel the holes accommodate nerves or blood vessels the pointy parts the processes are points of attachment for ligaments muscles tendons and so on okay and the maxillary bones here are still in purple there also are going to form part of our hard palate so we'll end up Valentine bones underneath okay the zygomatic bones are your cheekbones this part right here is a go man it's a go Matic mentions that they form the in for a lateral margins of the orbit in for a lateral bottom and outside right bottom and out sucks and here's the bone here's part of your orbit alright so zygomatic bone here both sides in blue in throat lateral nasal bones and lacrimal bones nasal bones these two here okay and they come together the lacrimal bones are inside your orbits you can't like touch them on the outside I mean you don't try but they form the medial walls of your orbit so the lacrimal bones okay so it goes like this if you're going in we have our nasal we have our maxillary bone then we have our lacrimal bone then we have our ethmoid bone those bones right there going in order nasal maxillary lacrimal ethmoid and ethmoid was a cranial bone but just so you can kind of see the order and the smallest units of those bones and you have a lack of a bone on both sides you have ethmoid at point is just one moment it's a nasal bone there's two of those as well these are ones that fuse before birth palatine bones and the vomer valentine bones so here's max Larry going into our palatine bones this collectively we call that our hard palate right behind that when you get to the soft palate we caught the soft palate because there's no bone there so it's just epithelial muscular tissue there so it would be our soft palate the vomer is right here on this inferior view but if you put your finger right here in your nose well you have cartilage and this probably damage to you but right here this bummer forms the septum your nasal septum and when I very first started teaching so you can see that here we would make like smart people t-shirts but only it's what people would get visit anatomy you speak a different language but it said I'm not picking my nose I'm pointing to my vomer and make sense like that really smart people get it like you would read that other people would read it'd be like so the vomer okay also this diagram shows cartilage here you don't have the cartilage here on this guy right it's off of its midline so it's gone over into one cavity well it is one cavity I want to say one canal but that's one word for - I'm trying to think of what we call it it's not a happy side anyways it's off and what it does is because of that this skin and all the tissue will form around it and it will make the openings that go up smaller so deviated septums off and snore or like you know some of them can't break through their nose they just read through the mouth it could be from damage but it could be from development there's a lot of reasons but that's what that is it's just off of that midline the inferior nasal Concha that's that Christmas tree set up that I told you I just absolutely love that in that diagram you can't this really doesn't know justice and so I hate looking at this but you can kind of see there in that vomit yellow color and how it's starting that Christmas tree kind of look to it anyways it's supposed to be set up like that so that when you do inhale the air goes through this turbulence where it is warmed and humidified before it hits your lungs your orbits are made up of seven different bones the articulation of the frontal spends I go mattock maxilla Palatine lacrimal and ethmoid bone a test question for this might be which of the following would be found in an orbit or makes up part of the orbit so you wouldn't know that did you see how we would do them they me of the bones as opposed to like the labeling will be on the practical but that was a really good question and so your orbit is seven different bones articulating there's not an orbital but okay so here's the orbit up-close look at those nasal bones you can clearly see how they were - like that mmm here it is in color nice-looking orbit nasal cavity when you say the nasal cavity it also is a bunch of things put together so we have the ethmoid Palantine bones maxillary bones and then inferior nasal Concha collectively that forms our nasal cavity the nasal septum it's formed by the articulation of the ethmoid Vollmer and then the cartilage from the anterior anterior septum so that's cartilaginous up here and anterior tells us where it's in the front so here is your cartilage there right here this guy has no cartilage like it's not just in there okay so nasal cavity all that put together same diagram from earlier what questions do you have on the cranial or facial bones anything yes or so far okay sinuses sinuses by definition are a hole in the skull that is to lighten the weight of the skull a sinus is a hole in the skull that lightens it because it is exposed to air guess what type of tissue it's lined in epithelial tissue it's lined in epithelial tissue because it's exposed to the air those sinuses are lining up at the allele tissue in that epithelial tissue produces mucus which allows it to catch any pathogens or antigens before they get into your circulation or to your respiratory system for those of us who don't have allergies this is not a big deal but for some of you who have allergies some of the antigens that that mucus catches actually inflamed that epithelial tissue and it causes swelling and then you know you need to blow your nose but you can't and it's because that sinus has bolon shut it's inflamed so these sinuses the whole an anatomical purpose of them is to literally lighten your skull because if your skull was the solid massive bone it would be really really heavy we would still have been able to hold it up but our neck muscles would be much thicker because they would be supporting much more weight okay so sinuses where do we have sinuses we have them in our frontal bone Sven eyed bone ethmoid bone and then the maxillary bone so if you do this to your face your touch you can touch all of your sinuses like that's where all of your sinuses are located which is why when people say I don't have a sign aesthetic they point to one of these areas because that's where those holes are and have lightened their skull it shows you of course and it names them accordingly to their location sinuses questions here hide bone that's this fellow right here I don't know if you can see them well the hyoid bone is not part of the skull but it kind of doesn't fit anywhere else so we're just mention it here in fact it's not technically even attached we hold it there by ligament so there's not any specific direct attachment so here's our hyoid bone what our ticket are what holds what is this the purpose of this it's where our tongue muscles originate so we'll talk about that when we get to the muscular chapter but it is where our tongue muscles attach go look at highway bone questions on this anything up here look but no the Adam's apple is actually going to be our cartilage and we're going to get there later but it is possible that that sticks out more in others but it's the cartilage and underneath the testosterone it protrude which makes that look like good question other questions fantastic all right next section still going but do you like how we just that was a lot of slides right there hmm vertebral column our vertebral column is composed of a lot of bones but we're going to learn them and their sections and if you learn them in their sections it's much easier to reference them so we have our cervical vertebrae you have seven of those so c1 through c7 do you have your thoracic vertebrae vertebrae t1 through t12 there's 12 of them they articulate with each of your ribs and you have 12 pair of ribs so each of your thoracic vertebrae articulate with the room didn't you have your lumbar vertebrae l1 through l5 so there's five of those these are the largest vertebrae because they carry the base of your weight so I'm will talk about the anatomy of all those but these are the big ones and all of these allow for flexibility which is why you can do like this but right here there's a locking mechanism on your lumbar vertebrae that keep you from going too far they literally lock and don't let you twist any further and of course that's to protect your internal organs right here is your sacrum or sacrum either one is acceptable there are five fused vertebrae here actually it says technically I think three to five are fused and but they're all stuck together so the sacral or sacrum and then at the very end is the coxal the coccygeal or coccyx it's also two to five little fused bones this is what we call our tail bone okay why do you think it's pointed it's a point of attachment it's intentionally pointed anatomically necessary for a point of attachment your pelvic floor the muscles that function to allow you to poop and pee and hold yourself from poopy to pee all attached here so when you break your tailbone that's why people who break the tailbone it hurts for them to go to the bathroom because when they flex those muscles it pulls on that bum and it's painful does it eventually go yes can you put a cast on that you can't all right when we look at the vertebral column there is natural curvatures of it and when your first born your you curve in one direction and that's because you're in the fetal position so we see a lot of babies and that like when they're in the vertebral column is completely curved just one time one big curve as you start to form muscles and begin to support your own weight you start to form the posture that you and I exhibit now and our spine our vertebral column begins to curve accordingly abnormal spinal curvatures include scoliosis which means it curves laterally wrong kyphosis which is a hunchback type of thing a lot of times that has to do with posture a lot of these our posture type things okay and then lordosis I'll show you what that is whenever we look at the picture but it mentions that the cervical and lumbar curvatures conte they're concave and the thoracic and sacral are convex so thoracic and sacral curved this way cervical and lumbar are convex curved out that's what it could should kind of look like so you can kind of see what it should look like here so this is the posterior this is the back here's anterior so it should kind of do this with your normal spinal curvature or a vertebral column curvature you can clearly see where you those is labeled as well and it divides it up into this the vertical section it corresponds to this is a scoliosis where we have that vertebral column it kind of curves off of the midline here's kyphosis the hunchback lordosis that's showing you a pregnant woman because that's normally where we see it a lot of times when women are pregnant because their center of gravity is off they tend to like push their belly out and it causes their vertebral column to kind of exaggerate that curve then they talk about what my back hurts my back hurts of course it hurts because you're pushing out and are you doing it in school well some people do but not normally normally you're just kind of just standing there and it's just comfortable for you to kind of okay and so then that's why they're like ooh my back hurts with my hurts and they sleep with pillows and all of that to help alleviate that that's right yes sir it doesn't necessarily originates there but there's extreme cases that can go and and and Craig I don't probably already know this but it's cottage right that hospital in Texas that's basically where they started was on scoliosis in if you go up there and if you and interest in scoliosis they have an amazing set up for all the kids that they serve very interesting very interesting condition yes okay so you can be born with scoliosis and you can also develop it which is why during school checks in elementary school they have you gonna bend down so that they can kind of see that alignment and sometimes a lot of times what causes that and this is but it muscle on one side maybe form and are stronger on one side than they are the other and because they're stronger they kind of pull those vertebrae in that direction so it sets off everything and as crazy as this sounds and those of you who are gonna go into osteopathic medicine this is my favorite type of medicine but one small curve later on in life can impact the way that your heart beats the way that you respirate though what your posture your headaches muscle just one small thing so it's really important all the way around you if you have scoliosis or show tendencies to that so really good questions and and it can be developed and you can't be born with it so either way ligaments ligaments attached bones bone ligaments attach bones bone so when a bonus there you see the word ligament we're talking about attachment of foam to bump tendons attach muscle to bone tendons attach muscle to bone so you're gonna see these terms here and some people try to use them interchangeably you may not ligaments attach bone to bone tendons attach muscle to them so in this chapter when we talk about the cell phone system at the very beginning I said it looks you bums their ligaments and your cartilages because ligaments attach bone to bone okay um here whenever we're talking about the vertebral column we have a whole bunch of vertebrae a whole bunch of individual bones and this is all held together because this is a model and there is literally a rod that's holding all of these in place and these cartilages here this vibro cartilages these are also being held in place by that rod but in you there's no rod holding all that together we literally have hundreds of ligaments attaching each of these so you have a ligament attaching this to this this to this this to this this to this then you have ligaments that attach all of them you have one big sheet of ligaments they're attaching the insides the other side your vertebral column is so encased in ligaments that it's really supportive and it stays there all together nice and compact but it does not naturally want to do that okay if it was just boom you wouldn't have a vertebral column because in slip and slide all around each other so it mentions that there's a lot of different ligaments some that go from all the way from your tailbone to your neck and then in between each one and all that's mentioned there here's showing you this posterior-anterior individual vertebrae this is the fibrocartilage in between each one so what we ended up Kleinert inter disks ligaments all of this ligaments are connective tissue and so they are a vascular when you've damaged a ligament you can't it doesn't just fix itself you have to go in and fix it this is a ligament sheet that's lying across the front of all of these put together okay so lots and lots of ligaments holding all these bones together the intervertebral discs which are these right here when you hear someone say oh I have a slipped disc this is what they're referencing they're referencing the fibrocartilage that's in between each of these bones the reason we have this cartilage is because it allows for movement if all of these bones were fused as these were you and I would not be able to bend and flex like we would be because it would be one solid bone okay these intervertebral discs have two parts anatomically the nucleus and the analyst so the nucleus pulsus where do you think the nucleus is in the middle okay these are just patterns you'll start to see the analysis on the outside this is actually an unhealthy interval intervertebral discs intervertebral discs but it does its job in showing you what it how its set up the very outside of each intervertebral disc is made up of a thicker more collagen encased structure fibers I need to say fibers because this is where the bone is actually it's shocking absorbing the shock of that bone and the one above it right here it's more jelly like in the nucleus area which allows for that compression in this case right here is the nerve and normally we would see nerve in yellow so I don't know why this isn't yellow here but something has put a bunch of force on this side which has caused this side to herniate or to push outside of its normal range because of that it is now hitting that nerve and it's pinching it so we have a herniated disc here and that person is probably feeling pain from wherever this vertebra is down if that vertebra was up here they're probably feeling the pain down because this is not one specific nerve this is real close to the spinal cord so we're gonna feel this and if that herniated disc is somewhere here we're gonna fill it in the lower limbs okay so that doctor always say can you feel this is this hurt they're trying to figure out where exactly the damage yes anymore but that's good Michener yes but muscles conventioners like you can get a muscle cramp and it can pinch a nerve and it could cause so much pain so no okay here is the herniated disc and you can see here this is pushing directly on this spinal cord directly on the spinal cord so this person is an immense amount of pain okay something like this and it's crazy but something like this can literally happen from you I'm walking bending over doing something menial like picking up the trash and it's not even heavy traction all of a sudden one of those just slips the ligaments are there to hold them in place but over time and with age your ligaments become loose and so it's possible that it slips but this could also happen as a result of some type of traumatic experience like something hitting you like a car accident or like you're standing there and something I'm pointing down here because it's clear that this individual has been partying a bit like in their lower area a bulging and herniated would be smart yes okay um when we look at the anatomy of a vertebrae I'm gonna go to the picture first when you're looking at a vertebrae you figure out where it's located by analyzing its Anatomy this part right here is the body the smaller the higher that this is and your vertebral column the smaller the body the bigger the body the lower it is the body is what does the weight bearing so when it's up here it's not bearing a lot of weight so we have smaller bodies versus lower in the lumbar area where we we bear a lot of weight we also see these processes these processes of course are points of attachment they become a little bit more prominent and rounded as we move down the vertebral column and I'll flip that gentleman around in just a moment the second thing we look at is the foramen the foramen is an opening that either accommodates a nerve or a blood vessel and I already told you that the magnum foramen is up at the top this is accommodating the spinal cord the bigger this hole is the smaller this is the bigger this is the smaller this is because your spinal cord tapers so right here where it's not supporting a lot of weight the body is small but the hole is big because this is the main part of the spinal cord as we start to move down our bodies get a little bit bigger and the holes get a little bit smaller this indicates to me that this is probably somewhere lower because the body is big and the hole is a little bit smaller in comparison to that body okay those are the things that you look at when you try to piece it together like when you find a body that's decomposed and you have all these vertebrae that are separated you put it together like that you figure out these are these are cervical vertebrae these are lumbar vertebrae and so on great question your spinal cord is around 18 inches long and it pretty it's pretty standard you're born of course you're some of you are only 18 inches some of your much law in that so it does grow as you grow but as an adult your spine the base of your spinal cord probably ends right around here but it tapers off into what we call the cauda equina which means horse's tail and that's where all those nerves kind of frayed they're often and when we we will actually cover that in 24:01 in our nerve chapters but your spinal cord probably and somewhere in this area and then it frays off good questions um so c1 so we're gonna now we're gonna look at this section C 1 to C 7 those are our cervical vertebrae their fancy names are C 1 C 2 C 3 C but that's all I'm grateful for that because it's very straightforward okay C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 you say C 6 people know what you're talking about when you say cervical why do people get confused it could be at the bottom and a female's uterus where that dilates for the baby to come out so when you say c1 there's no c1 when the baby comes up okay you can see look here a small body a really big opening okay right here this process has a bifid to it or a bit so I can we talk about spina bifida let's find a bifida is where this didn't close so it's still open so it's make its leaving that spinal call a spinal cord vulnerable so spina bifida is where those don't close that by fit is it did never solidify you can also see here this is a pretty prominent process you can see that it's sticking out very far versus down here where they tend to be much bigger and wider because they're holding more weight and larger muscles but this is pretty prominent it sticks out these kind of look like sharp like sticking blades like sticky is in like they're gonna stick you not like okay let me make sure I say that right okay so here are the cervical vertebrae c1 through c7 I'm easily named but the first two we do references they don't specifically support the vertebral column in fact they're responsible for supporting your cranium so c1 it's fancy name is at Bliss and c2 s is the axis and they're an alphabetical order if you're a memorizer atlas is c1 access to c2 like they're in alphabetical order and that makes it easier when we're trying to label or even referencing them okay and the at undershoot system the atlas c1 allows you to say yes so it articulates with your skull and I'm a typical bone and it allows you to go back and forth like this c1 this C to the axis sticks up and it has this little rotating piece and it allows you to go this direction I know I want to a head a little bit but here is your ax at lists the at list the one that you can say yes c1 axis ax is got a little portion it kind of sticks up this right here let me see it different I thought nevermind this sticks up you can't really tell but it sticks up and so it allows for the rotation of your skull back and forth to say no so ax bliss axis okay questions so far yeah those are that would be an easy question for me to ask like which would be does that make sense um all right so that's cervical vertebrae now thoracic vertebrae thoracic vertebrae T 1 2 T 12 no other fancy names like there's no atlas access it's just t1 t12 they go with each rib each pair of ribs bless you so they thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs Brassica vertebrae articulate with the ribs you can see the bodies are getting bigger the foramen are getting smaller okay and that's just a general pattern that you would see there Highliner where the thoracic area is these processes here I said that these were like the sticky ones like they would stick you like a blade type thing that's because there has to be a lot of ligaments there there's a lot of movement that's allowed in this area okay so there's a lot of ligaments that need to reinforce that generally speaking we're gonna say this in chapter 8 but you have the bones and when you just have bones you have no reinforcement there they're structurally but there's no reinforcement so ligaments have to attach bones so that's our first line and then muscle has to surround that and in every good joint you have bones then it's has ligaments and then you have muscle the stronger your muscle is the stronger that joint is so if you have a weak individual that has weak upper body that joint is probably pretty weak as well they're easier to break and damaged okay and you're gonna see that pattern all over the body not just here or in your joints the lumbar vertebrae l1 to l5 no fancy names they're big bodies small foramen and I mentioned that they have articular surfaces that will actually lock up close on this guy right here you you can see here that these will glide past one another your thoracic vertebrae will all applied past one another okay right here when you get to the lumbar area there's a physical facet that sticks up and it will not let you go past it okay so it keeps that area under control now people say well what about those people who can bend and flex and are they missing ribs and so there are some people who genetically have more elastin and their ligaments which means that their joints are a little bit more movable and when they say that they're double-jointed or that literally just means that they have lists loose ligaments okay it is possible that they have loose ligaments it is also possible but like some contortionist have had this grinded down so that they can bend and fold there are people who can just naturally do it but there's people who do that as that's their job like they're in the circus or they do so you can have that to where you're allowed for that movement but another key concept if it's strength if it's strong it's not flexible and if it's flexible it's not strong like there's a continuum so if I have a really flexible joint it's probably pretty vulnerable so you get this really flexible it's probably pretty vulnerable but a really strong joint it's not really flexible okay having strength and flexibility here in the middle is ideal but of course we and I don't suggest you do that but you do whatever you want to your life your girl look a big body small foramen you can see the process is a little bit more flat there's more pull here a lot larger muscles here you have all your gluteal muscles all of them are here attaching very large lower body muscles okay so a lumbar and here's showing that locking mechanism up close where they're actually touching each other okay the sacrum um is s1 through s5 collectively called the sacrum or sacrum they're all fused together they have holes because that's where nerves go through this serves as part of your pelvis whenever talk about the pelvis collectively it's these two bones which are separated held together by the sacrum sacrum okay um there's not a bunch of movement that occurs there because it's all fused together the coccyx or coccygeal is the tailbone again that could be one two five vertebrae that are fused it could be long more prominent it could be any shorter just depends oftentimes if you find a skeleton of a body that's unidentified you can tell the sex based on the coxal bone a male will have a curved coxal bone Amanda Kirk is in a little bit more like that and a female so more curved coxal bone a female will have a flat or coxal bone and that's because when she delivers a child if her coxal bone is curved it snags the baby's head I'm going to show you a diagram here in a moment but you can there's a lot of things that just by kind of having familiarity with the skeletal system that you can use to identify or assess tree found bodies are just your patients in general yes sir this sacrum itself is indirectly weight directly no it's gonna be pushed off here it but it does form part of what we would consider our pelvis which bears all of our lower body weight so it directly doesn't hold any weight by itself but it indirectly helps with the bearing of your lower body so if that makes sense like these three work together for the lower body and here we have a closer look there the thoracic cage any questions on the sacrum or the thoracic cage is here you have 12 pair of ribs and the goal of the thoracic cage is to protect your vital organs the two lungs in the heart here we have cartilage sources Thailand cartilage it's referenced as costal cartilage because it's attached to the costal end of the ribbon we'll talk about that in just a moment each of the ribs articulates anteriorly and then posterior Li the posterior articulation is with the vertebral column the anterior articulation is either with a costal cartilage or it has its own costal cartilage when we talk about true ribs and in articulates with the day and breastbone which we would end up calling the manubrium and the body all of that like we're gonna label the sternum like like collectively we started that all in three parts okay so thoracic cage um here's the three parts right here you have the manubrium which is the very top it articulates with your clavicles or your collarbone you have the body and then you have this cyborg process the xiphoid process if you're older this is another thing when you're looking at a body if you find it if you're older it's a solid bone and if you're younger there's still a little bit of cartilage there it has an Asif I'd yet so we can kind of tell the age of that individual yes can that break off yes and this is definitely the crunch of quite a few lawsuits especially whenever and it really sucks but there's laws now that for the most part protect people who try to assist but like people will be dying and somebody will come do CPR on them and if they're doing it right and with enough force and especially when you're talking about these big guys who are coming doing CPR on a woman or a larger man who has a whole lot of fat they have to push really hard like doing CPR is like a solid workout okay but anyways they will sometimes crush even though you put the two fingers and you kind of do but if you're pushing enough and hard enough sometimes it does break off and a lot of times it hits the heart and so you save their life but now something's wrong with their heart and they have to have surgery and if you went to save their life they wouldn't have to have this surgery so they sue you jerks but for a while it kind of worked and then they were like how so then people stopped trying to help and then everybody's done you know just a pattern also doing CPR it's not uncommon for ribs to break especially if it's a grown man doing CPR they tend to be really strong and they crush or crack ribs not like to where it's like certain like it's just loose within the body but like crack it okay and because there is a lot of force they're trying to pump your heart which is underneath this structure and they're trying to do so indirectly by pushing here and getting the bottom of that heart so it does make sense that it does break yes and then I you know like people will try to commit suicide and then they'll sue you for saving their lives so it's America right now we sue you for everything but good question okay so here is that if I didn't have this here is talking about um the sternum as far as the jugular notch that's gonna be up here at the top where we would have hard jugular vessels sternal angle that's just showing you that this isn't one solid bone that it's three separate so it kind of makes this curvature to it so that's your sternal angle coming down and then yours Ifill sternal joint would be the joint here between your the body and the xiphoid process they it will off sit by later on in life and you can see the jugular notch up at the top the sternal angle where there's kind of like a little bend to it and then you have your cycle start or join here's your heart here's the xiphoid process so it's not I mean and when you're doing CPR you're a little bit here but you're kind of pushing up ish like more superior in that and so you're trying to get the heart to work but you have this rib cage here protecting it so sometimes a lot of times it breaks especially infants a grown man doing CPR okay which a lot of times the firefighters and the first responders they're all grown men I mean of course there's women there too and I'm not saying the woman can't break it right of skin but she is totally capable okay you have 12 pair ribs the first seven are what we call true ribs we call them true ribs because they have their own piece of costal cartilage articulating with the this the body so this is a true rib this is a true rib these down here don't have their own piece of cartilage they're indirectly connected so these are false rips one through seven or true ribs eight through twelve are false ribs and they're literally called false because they don't have their own piece of costal cartilage attaching them to the body of the sternum of the false ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they have no costal cartilage at all so they're not attached or directly connected at all these allow for increased mobility because if these were connected it would bring in more restraint to your thoracic cage and you wouldn't be able to / or light touch your toes some of you so be able to surface but the this allows for an increase in mobility the fact that these aren't can add specifically connected but they still protect the back of your lungs here in the back okay so I said false ribs I said vertebral oh yeah floating ribs good deal diagrams they're twelfth pair what a rib looks like let's look at the anatomy so this is just one rib here okay the costal end is where it's attached to the costal cartilage and then of course to the sternum the vertebral end is where it's articulating with the vertebrae okay they have different markings in grooves that allow for that seamless articulation and then of course there's also ligaments that hold them in place because by themselves the bones would just sit on each other and let me show a couple more pictures and I'll go back and name it so you can kind of see here the vertebral end it's articulating with one of the vertebrae and we have a ligament or connective tissue here that's holding it in place so that it's not sliding around and so we have the costal in the vertebral end the shaft is the long part of the ribs so that you would just that's just the shaft of the rib right there but as we get closer to the point of attachment it talks about the neck of the rib and the head of the rib the head of the rib is what does the articulation in the neck is just is more anterior to that in this in this sense let me go back head where it articulates neck tubercle lateral to the neck first of all what is laterally to the sides so you can kind of see the tubercles here that kind of stick out there where it's articulated okay and then the shaft is the larger part of that room so here you can see the tubercles there that's a good-looking room to just with no attachments so you can just kind of see overall what it looks like okay that is your whole axial skeleton the appendicular skeleton goes much through there appendicular skeleton includes your girdles and your lens so you have a pectoral girdle and you have a pelvic girdle and they allow for the attachment of your lens so pectoral girdle right here pelvic girdle right there pectoralis upper limbs pelvic is lower limbs what composes your girdle we're doing pectoral first the pectoral girdle is composed of your two clavicles and your two scapula your shoulder blades so this right here articulates with this here and it allows for the upper limb to attach and then of course on both sides so the scapula and the clavicle or your collarbone articulate to create your pectoral girdle on both sides you can kind of see this articulation here of course where they touch but these scapula your shoulder blade has a lot of markings and curves and grooves to it and of course that's going to be because of attachment but let's talk about it so first of all your clavicles also called your collar collar bones they are at the very top of here they have an acromial in the acromial and this part scapulae so that's where they take those scapula then they have a sternal end guess where the sternal end is yes it comes more immediately to articulate with the manubrium of the sternum all right and its goal is to act as a brace and hold the upper limbs in place that's a good-lookin collarbone acromial end so I know that this is the lateral part of it and the sternal end I know that's the medial aspect okay this shoulder blades and shoulder blades are triangular in shape they hug their a chromium which is here and we'll talk about that but then they have three borders their borders are the superior medial and lateral border where do you think the superior border is where's the lateral outside and it's the medium so that if you once you start hard in those directions and you start getting those terms that stuff really just starts to snowball okay so here superior border lateral border medial Warner okay the acromion that's where the clavicle is going to articulate up close picture of the scapula okay the upper limb that's 30 buns okay and we are of course gonna learn the bones but if it's not on your practical you don't have to be able to specifically point it out like further the wrist bones carpal bones you don't have to be able to specifically label them until it's on the practical and I don't remember if I there was one of those linear part or not but what we reference is the arm is our humerus the forearm is our own radius and then we have our hand which is composed of our car pools which are wrist bones metacarpals which are palms and then our phalanges which are our fingers so we're gonna go into those in detail the humerus is the largest upper body upper limb bone okay it is a long bone I this part right here the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity which is where these two the clavicle and the infirm you come together to form that girdle so you'll need to be familiar with the glenoid cavity in the head of the humerus and glenoid cavity we're gonna talk about that in a previous one but that's the joint cavity there head of humerus then as you go down the humerus and if you're an anatomical position so his pinkies are touching his thighs you have your medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle so the points that are the parts that I'm putting out of the parts that you need to know like I'm not gonna go through and say what you need to know this truth and this we're not going to learn all the bone markings just the ones that we need to be this term so medial of course is on the center or median towards the middle lateral epicondyle on the outside now and when we get to the forearm which is going to be in a slide or two we have the ulna in the radius if you're an anatomical position your ulna runs alongside your pinky so that's the medial your radius along your thumb that's a memorization thing memorize radius thumb pinky oh okay I remember pu4 pinky and ulna okay so why I say that is because right here is the next part you need to know that's on the humerus it's called the trochlea the trochlea is what articulates with the ulna the capitulum articulates with the radius so on the humerus the things that you need to know the head of the humerus you need to know the lateral and medial epicondyle the trochlea and the capitulum the trochlea and the capitulum okay so how do the humerus lateral so this tells me that this is the anterior view oh I just said anterior and it's clearly says posterior but lateral I'm thinking the outside of me right here so the epicondyles are on the outside and then you have your Tropea which is where the ulna articulates and the capitulum which is where your radius articulates those the parts that you need to be able to label readily okay down from the humerus or the arm we have the forearm which is composed of the ulna and radius the ulna is medial the radius is lateral the ulna articulates with the humerus at the trouble yet so the trochlea is the articulation for the humerus in the ulna the radius articulates with the humerus at the pitcher these two bones are held together by this tissue right here this is a reflective tissue so that should tell you that it's connective it's what we call an interosseous membrane it keeps these two bones from sliding up in place and it keeps them separated we have that here we also have that down here where we have our tibia and fibula okay the interosseous membrane is what holds those two bumps in place you can see here this olecranon is part of your it's what caused it it is what is your elbow your olecranon are opening and that's what articulates with the trouble yep then you have your radius which is more level on this part for the ulna you do need to be familiar with the olecranon or olecranon however you would like to say that the trochlear notch is nothing more than where that's where the trochlea fits in there so the parts that you need to know and on the forearm the ulna and the radius the ulna has the olecranon or olecranon which articulates at the trochlea and we just call it the head of the radius which is what articulates with the capitulum okay okay now wrist we call this the carpool the carpal area then the metacarpals is gonna be your palms you have eight bones in your wrist proximal distal row what's the proximal movie closest to the point of attachment so my proximal row is here my distal row their proximal row distal row okay in order lateral to medial that's the order that they should be in the scaphoid and stuff like so you're in anatomical position that's why it says lateral to medial okay the distal row trapezium lateral to medial okay you had to be able to recognize those names but you won't have to name them on okay you have to be able to recognize them but if it's on your practical you don't have to be able to know exactly where there are the metacarpals are your pomp the bones within your palm their names are 1 2 3 4 & 5 they really are but in anatomical position so one is medium five is lateral so you start from the middle and you work your way out stop just said that backwards you always start at your great digit so you're Hall it's on your toes your Pollock's is your thumb so it's 1 2 3 4 5 I just said that and I apologize for that okay so Pollux all the way across and they're numbered 1 2 3 4 5 when you name and this is also in this slide when you name your phalanges each of your phalanges and there's three in each finger and just two in your thumb or your Pollux which is its proximal medial distal proximal medial distal proximal distal ok so reviewing upper limb you have your humerus head of the humerus goes down to your medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle then you goes in through the medial with then turning to the trochlea as you make your way around here the media will become trochlea and the lateral will become capitulum in the forum you have your ulna and your radius the ulna articulates with the humerus at the opening is the name of that bomb with the trochlear notch the radius articulates at the capitulum at the radial head you have eight carpal bones you just need to be familiar with the name to recognize them and bet two rows four in each row then you have your metacarpals which are your bones within your wrist not your wrist your palm they're labeled one through five starting with your great digit which is your Pollux so 1 2 3 4 5 then your phalanges are labeled proximal medial distal proximal medial distal proximal medial distal and your thumb is just proximal and distal 30 bones in the upper limb lower-limb we have our pelvic girdle your pelvic girdle is composed of two coxal bones and the sacrum this sacrum was part of the vertebral column as well so when you say pelvis we include all three when you say that's just my hip bone that's just your hip oh okay and this joint here has a whole lot of muscle it's really strong but because it's really strong it has less flexibility whereas up here your upper limbs have a whole lot of flexibility and they sacrifice strength okay with all that continued here is your pelvic girdle it's composed of one coxal bone two coxal bones and then your sacrum the area where these to attach or they articulate we call the sacral or sacroiliac joint it's a suture an immovable joint and we'll classify in chapter 8 but that's where they come together in moveable all right so it's not like and it just slides back and forth that doesn't move at all right here in the front you have your pubic symphysis the pubic synthesis synthesis is a type of fibrocartilage that I mentioned earlier in this course this stays pretty solid unless you're about to have a baby and it's softened so the hips can relax and the uterus can descend right so what will happen this right here stays the same a lot of times when their hips flex and when they relax out they'll complain of back pain and the weight because the weight shifted down and it put more in it it's putting more stress on these muscles here so it'll cause back pain but it doesn't cause any sliding here all that happens is that this right here softens and it it's just a few millimeters but it makes a really big difference and it shifts that uterus down and I think our dimension but that's a lot of times when people say oh well the baby's dropped that indicates that that woman's getting closer to delivering you're probably not a c-section I would say that I your sacrum is tough I mean I would ask more questions I'm you go just so what do you mean like that and then everybody's a jerk don't say that that's really all right here coxal bone has three parts it's actually the coxal bone but it's three bones that have fused together so you have your ilium which is the butterfly portion of it your ischium is what people say that's your butt bone I hope you're like oh you have a bony butt it's this thing that's getting you that's my issue that's my issue right here is your pubis or pubic bone so it's ilium ischium cubic or pubis okay so there's three parts to that and you have it of course on each side and ilium ischium you miss ilium issue pubis right here is where the head of your femur articulates a tabula it's usually when it's reference you could also hear it called a set of ulam it just depends on who you're talking to and where they put the emphasis but you do need to be familiar with that so ilium ischium pubis and acetabulum here you have it again and again alright female pelvis versus male pelvis female pelvis is wider and stockier and male pelvis is more narrow and long and so here the the previous two slides give you specific details on their differences I'm gonna point them out without using the words but here you have a female versus a male pelvis you can see how it's wider so the the ischium the ilium z' kind of flail it out a little bit this allows for more arch here excuse me more arch here so that when the woman does when this does relax it opens this area up you can't really tell but that coxal bone is also shaped differently here's a male clearly curved in much more verses a female and you can see the space the difference because not that you're ready for child birthing lesson but the baby sits here in the uterus it doesn't just fall out here in order to get out the baby has to go through here has to go through people don't think that's not a thing yeah that's why they brace you the way they do when you go to deliver because they have to flex your hips up in order to get the baby to go root so the uterus sits here but it comes out here and then the vaginal canal is there it's gotta go it's a lot zero it's as far as like you're about to deliver yeah so you are the baby the head is here finish like you're here out you're the head is coming out of this path pelvic area from the baby's perspective mom versus that some women just have narrow hips and a curved coxal bone and they cannot deliver this will literally snag the baby's head it can't happen so if they're like the baby's just not descending the baby's not and hopefully your doctor catches oh boy you're not in labor for like 16 hours and then like by the way we just realized this is ideal this gives that baby plenty of space and this looks like a whole lot of space just cuz we're looking at it up on a PowerPoint slide but it's really not and the size of a baby say well some of you had big-headed babies but they're really small and they collapse are they compressed as they go through there which is why their skull can't be solidified until after birth because as they go through there it kind of squeezes it which is another reason why they don't want the baby stuck there because it's putting pressure on the brain also lack of oxygen to the brain so female versus male again some women just don't have the anatomy to deliver vaginally so they can still become pregnant we just do this Assyrian section and take the baby up there that way okay lower limb this is this is your thigh this is what is referenced as your leg okay anatomically speaking so thigh is your femur leg is your tibia and fibula and then your foot and we'll talk about the tarsal metatarsals and phalanges there and those are all pretty much the same and so we'll start whittling backwards sorry - Rick all right femur is a good indicator about how tall somebody is it should be about a quarter of the height of that person so we find femur you can guesstimate how tall that person is and is the largest bone in their body it articulates with the acetabulum of the hip approximately and then distally with the tibia the femur does not articulate with the fibula the femur only articulates with the tibia okay the fibula is lateral and it's there for support but the fibula is what's gonna make your ankle bone the articulation with the femur is tibia only the patella is this bone here and I mentioned this the other day then it's a short bone and it isn't actually attached it's in a tendon and you can see that clearly on the skeleton which if you're if you have a deep groove it doesn't move a lot but some of you can move your patella back and forth what does that mean ok so good looking femurs there what you need to know here head and neck of the femur then the shaft medial and lateral epicondyles and I did that backwards medial and lateral epicondyles and then medial and lateral condyles there's no fancy name form we called it cochlea and capitulum in the arms there's no fancy name and alike so you need to know medial and lateral epicondyles which are the ones on the sides medial lateral and then medial lateral condyles which is where they physically articulate medial and lateral condyles no fancy names for those the tibia is your Shin bong it completely bears all the weight from your femur the fibula is on the outside its lateral it does not bear any weight it is there for support but it forms your ankle these two just like I mentioned up here in the four line are held together by inter osseous tissue which you can see there holding it in place down here is one of our joints that we're going to in Chapter eight but that should be a slightly movable to immovable joint we don't want that joint to move causes a lot of damage okay for the tibia all you need to know are the medial and lateral condyles so these are just the articulation points medial and lateral condyles those are the articulation points where they touch here is a fractured fibula so a lot of times when people say they break your leg it's usually that the Tarsus are tarsal bones those are your ankle bones you have seven in your ankle but eight in your wrist okay so seven in your ankle and the biggest one is your heel bone which is your calcaneus is that one there that's actually tarsal bone then you have five metatarsals numbered one through five starting with the holics the holux is your big toe so it's just one two three four five and then we have the same set up on our phalanges proximal media this will proclamation so customers will purchase or parcel mr. okay and the fancy names for your big toe is Holly's h8 lol u X and for your thumb it's your Pollux Pollux and Pollux but last thing is the arches of your foot where do you think the lateral arch is on the side where do you think the medial arch is where do you think the transverse arches okay so lateral female transfers why do we need to know about when babies develop that their skulls are not solidified and so they have openings we call those soft spots those soft spots are technically called pots and nails shortly after birth you have four fontanelles and shortly after birth those should solidify or ossified except for the anterior fontanelle that soft spot that you've seen at the top of that baby's head that may take them to 24 months to close up the anterior and and sometimes if you're looking at your baby you can kind of see the pulsating of it like that she's just super cute anyways the fontanel's are areas that allowed that skull to collapse briefly while I was coming through the birth canal that was the whole purpose of it okay here is what they kind of look like here's your little baby skull right in our fontanel it's just areas where it's not completely sutured yet and it allows for brain growth and well as well as the collapsing of those skull bones wall like that baby goes through delivering a cleft palate is where the maxillary bones don't fuse and so we go back after this baby is born and they you can do reconstructive surgery it's a serious assertive who's not just one so if you know anybody that's palate it's been it wasn't just one surgery in that space like they have to recreate the tissue and they have to do a little bit at a time but of course you can see that this in case this was pretty severe because their nostril is completely occluded so that would be something that we would want to fix okay as far as the size of your cranium at birth versus the rest of your body most babies are born with pretty big heads but they grow into their heads okay so it mentions that at nine months their cranium is about half the size of OB as an adult their arms and legs will end up growing faster than the rest of their body they will grow into their body baby it will grow into it okay so here's kind of showing you the difference and and how you kind of form a Fino skull all the way to an adult skull there's a lot of movement allowed there and that's pretty solidified this diagram bothers me for a few reasons because you're not this big in comparison to an adult but what it's trying to show you is the proportion of your head to the rest of your body so you're you weren't this big like it shows you being the same size that's an adult which would clearly be traumatic but the head is very big in that baby in comparison to the proportion to the rest of it as you age okay so that's what it's trying to show you and oh yes naturally when you're first born already mentioned this this is kind of your c-shaped spine and that's because you were in utero in that fetal position but as you gain control of your muscles and case in point those of you who have had children you know that after about three or four weeks we expect the baby to be able to hold its head up it takes muscle and nerve coordination to do that as that baby continues to hold their head up those muscles get stronger and that curvature is formed to where that baby can hold their head up all the time and then they'll be able to start controlling their arms and so the nerve innervation and I'll teach you that the nervous system goes from head to toe there's secondary curvatures will begin as they continue to support weight throughout the rest of their body like for example walking um with old age what do we tend to see we tend to see people who don't take care of themselves eat really unhealthy diet because they're on a fixed income like that there bones as a result are pretty brittle and fragile and we don't want to see that we see that a lot of people who do let's begin to eat unhealthy actually shrink in size so if you plan to say your big healthy self you need to make sure you're taking care of yourself and then that's it for chapter 7 we will take a break until lets do till 45 and then get into chapter 8