Overview
This lecture discusses Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's convocation address, "A Call to Youth," emphasizing the role of education, character, and compassion in shaping India's future.
Dr. Radhakrishnan and the Purpose of a Convocation Address
- Dr. Radhakrishnan was India's Vice President (1952–62), President (1962–67), and a lifelong teacher dedicated to education.
- His birthday is celebrated as Teacher's Day due to his commitment to teaching.
- A convocation address aims to inspire graduates to lead ethical, productive lives using their university knowledge and values.
Comparative Historical Changes in India and Europe
- India experienced rapid social, political, and economic changes that took centuries in Europe.
- Renaissance in Europe started in the 12th century (cultural rebirth); in India, it began in the 18th–19th centuries, sparking social reform.
- Indian reformers fought against social evils like Sati, superstition, and caste system.
- The Reformation in Europe challenged the Catholic Church, while Indian organizations like Brahmo Samaj reformed Hinduism.
- The Industrial Revolution shifted societies from agrarian to industrial; in India, this led to Swadeshi textile mills as a form of economic resistance.
- Major political revolutions in Europe happened over centuries; India’s political revolution was the freedom struggle (1857–1947).
Freedom: Political, Economic, and Social
- India has achieved political freedom but not full economic or social freedom.
- Ongoing poverty and caste/class discrimination show the need for broader inclusion.
Role of Universities and True Education
- Universities must produce not only professionals but also compassionate and ethical individuals.
- Science and technology alone do not guarantee social progress or peace.
Importance of Humanities, Philosophy, Religion, and Literature
- PhD means "Doctor of Philosophy"—philosophy encourages wisdom and real-world application.
- Compassion is essential for a democratic society, as all major religions promote equality and fraternity.
- Democratic spirit is rooted in liberty, equality, justice, and brotherhood, both in the Constitution and in daily life.
- Humanities, philosophy, and religion help students develop moral outlook and duty toward others.
Value of Literature and Good Company
- Literature and the company of good souls are vital for personal growth and ethical living.
- Dr. Radhakrishnan criticizes the decline of reading habits among youth, urging sincere engagement with literature.
Character, Humility, and Nation-Building
- Character shapes individual and national destiny; compassion and humility are key virtues.
- Students should focus on selfless service to the nation, not personal gain.
- Awareness of India’s cultural heritage and ancient civilizations helps guide ethical living.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Convocation Address — a speech given at graduation to inspire students.
- Renaissance — period of cultural rebirth.
- Reformation — religious reform movement challenging church authority.
- Industrial Revolution — shift from agriculture to industry and machines.
- Swadeshi — movement promoting Indian-made goods.
- Compassion — empathy and concern for others.
- Democratic Spirit — values of liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity.
- Philosophy — love of wisdom; seeking knowledge and its ethical application.
- Humility — modesty and lack of pride.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Reflect on the qualities of compassion and humility in your academic and personal life.
- Engage in regular, meaningful reading of literature, philosophy, and religious texts.
- Consider how your education can contribute to both economic and social progress in India.