Transcript for:
German Grammar Overview

hello T leer if you have already learned some German maybe even enough to pass the A1 German exam but you're looking to take your German language skills to the next level this video course is for you in this A2 Elementary German language course I will lead you through a ton of German grammar vocabulary and listening comprehension lessons to help you crush your language learning goals if you combine this video with some practice on your own you will be well on your way to mastering the A2 level of the German language if you're starting from zero and you want to lay the groundwork for your German learning check out my A1 beginner German course which is linked in the description this course is a direct squel to that course and it assumes that you know everything that was taught in that course before starting this A2 Elementary German course if you would like extra Guidance with this video course you can get my book Elementary German with her Anum it includes all of the lessons in this video course but also access to a ton of extras there are worksheets with answer keys and MP3 downloads of each lesson so you can practice what to learn here and listen to the lessons whenever and wherever plus you get access to online flashcards and a whole lot more you can download the ebook version of Elementary German withth ha Anum from my website German withth an.com or from Amazon there's also a paperback version available on Amazon which grants you access to the same digital content that I mentioned before links to all of that and a whole lot of other things are mentioned throughout this video course in the description down below there are three ways to view this course the version that you're currently watching includes both listening comprehension lessons as well as grammar lessons if you prefer to have those two Styles separated out there are links in the description to the other two versions which contain only grammar in one video and only listening comprehension in the other with that out of the way let's get into our first lesson hello D Lana in this lesson I will teach you how to use the Inseparable prefix verbs in German I explain when not to separate a prefix from the verb and I'll show you a list of inseparable prefixes you will also learn how these Inseparable prefixes work and how to use a variety of inseparable verbs in German through a ton of example sentences you will also see how these Inseparable prefixes change the meaning of the verbs first of all let's talk about prefixes in general German verbs are often modified with prefixes they change the meaning and morph one verb into another for example the verb gabin is often translated as to give but when you add the prefix as we translate it with the English verb to spend while this does more accurately represent the usage of the verb asabin you can also translate it as to give out this tells us the prefix as changes the direction of gabin from a more General non-specific away from the subject to a more outward Direction basically every verb in German has a direction of sorts the direction of Lan for instance is from less to more the direction of laben is forwards or forwards in time time the direction of Zing is from your mouth away these directions are changed by the prefixes most prefixes like are separable this means that the prefix is often removed and put at the end of the sentence for example I am spending €20 for the concert some prefixes are inseparable this means that they modify the meaning of the verb but they stay attached instead of being moved to the end of the sentence for example common means to come but becom means to receive although these prefixes don't get removed you should still be aware of them because they won't take the GE prefix that is added in the pect tense while the separable verbs will the list of inseparable prefixes is relatively short they are B an EMP a g Miss and now that we know what they look like and have a general idea of their purpose let's talk about the rules as I mentioned Inseparable prefixes are the easy ones they simply act like normal verbs you may recognize the base of the verb but the meaning has changed due to the prefix in the present pres future fut or simple past PR tenses you simply treat them like normal verbs if the non- prefixed version is irregular in the present or past the prefixed version is irregular in the same way in the same tenses when you use a verb with an Inseparable prefix in the perfect tense or any tense based on the perfect tense the pl perfect the perfect or the future perfect F you don't add the g at the beginning of the past participle to those verbs B for instance is B in the perfect an conversely is g b just becomes B while dun becomes gun bom stays the same and becomes bom instead of Comm becoming G ban changes to btit you get the idea this is why in my German two classes we have a saying if you have a be you don't need a GE this is mostly due to the fact that the only Inseparable prefix that their textbook seems to care about is be found at the beginning of words like bom to receive banken to thank babon to edit B anven to answer and so on obviously this rule applies to all of the Inseparable prefixes but is particularly helpful for verbs that aren't usually seen as having a prefix at all begin for instance to begin or beagan to meet because there's no such thing as ginan or gagin but beIN and beagan are both treated as if the be at the beginning is simply an Inseparable prefix the only other thing that's special about Inseparable prefixes is that the emphasis in the pronunciation is on the main part of the verb and not the prefixes so it's Bandon B dunan bom and so on not Bandon b dunan b you get what I mean that's it there's really only one special rule for Inseparable prefixes and if you're just starting to learn German this probably won't affect anything that you're trying to say because you're not saying things in the past tense yet obviously you'll eventually need this rule so that's why I mentioned it each prefix changes the verb in a very distinct way now that you know the rules for using the Inseparable prefix verbs I'll show you each of the Inseparable prefixes and explain what they do to the meaning of the verb first up we have be or B this prefix generally does stuff that involves direct objects or the transitivity of a verb in other words sometimes it makes a verb that didn't used to be able to take a direct accusative object make it so that it takes a direct object this happens with verbs like ant Von and B an Von both mean to answer which is sometimes confusing for German Learners ant Von is used to answer people and that person is indicated in the dative case this is sort of an implied direct object of the question but there's no real direct object to speak of bont Von by contrast is used to directly answer questions letters and the like for example Aunt Von to answer he doesn't answer me to answer he doesn't answer the question the same is true for the difference between to do magic or conjure up and B to enchant the witch conjures up a broom de hea the witch enchants a broom in the first one the witch created a broom probably out of thin air or out of nothing in the second one there is already a broom there and she enchants it as in the movie The Sword and the stone DEA or Fantasia sometimes the prefix be shifts the action onto the object or changes it from one object to another for example the verb common means to come this indicates that the subject is going in the direction of a destination if you add be to this verb it becomes bomon which means to receive this moved the action from the person going somewhere to the object moving and the person being stationary here it is an action I am coming at 3:00 I received your email here's another example of this happening with a be verb to respect or esteem you should respect or esteem your father to pay attention to or heed you should heed or pay attention to or respect the rules the be prefix is easily one of the most used Inseparable prefixes one website that I read said approximately 25% of inseparable prefix verbs are made with the be prefix that being said I don't know where they get their numbers so take these percentages with a grain of salt on screen now you can see a list of some popular verbs with this prefix just wait while that Scrolls for a for a little bit because it's kind of a kind of a long list so by the way if you want to get one of these lists I made it uh available on my website so you just go to German withth an.com shop and you'll find it in the free stuff so you can download all of the PDF versions of all of these lists of different verbs that'll be up on the screen is that thing still going wow there really are a lot of verbs that take this prefix I mean like a lot of them wow now if you're just starting to learn verbs with this prefix you should probably just start with this list because these are the most popular ones the big list that I showed you before is not actually my own list but came from wiktionary.org personally I would start with this little list first and then you can kind of move on to the more difficult ones later if you want to practice the verbs that are on the big list or on the small small list I've linked down in the description where you can find Quizlet lists for both the small list and the long list versions of each of the prefixes next up we have an this prefix is relatively popular too that website that I mentioned just a minute ago says that about 15% of all Inseparable prefix verbs start with an it has a general meaning of removing something but is often translated with the prefixes un D or dis in English my personal favorite of these verbs doesn't follow this convention however ever the verb anopen means to behead there is the option to translate it as decapitate which would mean that it follows one of the aforementioned prefixes in English there is no verb Halpin but there is the noun halp which refers to the main part of something in this case we have an in front which means that it literally is to remove the main part Deka andus the Executioner beheads or decapitates the criminal there are some less disturbing examples of this prefix obviously for example the verb Laden means to load add in end and it means to unload Deen means to cover while ant Deen means to discover or uncover here they are in action the librarian loads the books into the cart the librarian unloads the books from the cart the child sets the table or covers the table with the required items the child discovers gum under his desk a very popular verb in this category is andin which means to remove the base is f which isn't a verb but an adjective or adverb that means far so this is like removing something far away from where it was for example I don't know how one can remove this malware one that I just think is cool because of the way that it works is an fabin to bleach or discolor there's the verb fabin which means to die or color adding int makes it so that you remove the coloring that was added through the verb Fab I am dying or coloring my shoes green mommy do Mom you discolored my pants you get the idea and makes some sort of removal action with the verb you could also think of this as a reversal of the action that happened without an here's a big list of verbs that use this prefix ooh ah hey check that one out look at that list it's a super swell list isn't it oh boy list to verbs next up is EMP this is basically just a variant of an but it's only used with these three verbs and verbs that are derived from them empang to receive Ain to recommend enden to feel or sense I haven't received any phone notifications the waiter recommends the roast beef via we feel a great responsibility for the problems of today next up is AA this prefix is another pretty popular one that website that I keep mentioning says that it makes up 10% of all Inseparable prefix verbs it can be used to initiate the action of the verb for example Le means to learn but Al is usually translated as to master it can also be translated as to learn however which makes it a bit confusing this verb is different than Le in that with Le you are adding to your knowledge and the previous level of knowledge is not known with Alan we know that you had no prior knowledge about the subject and the learning process has begun with the sentence that you are saying I am learning German we don't know how much German I knew before that sentence but we know that the knowledge has increased since this sentence has been said I am acquiring or learning German we can tell with the prefix a that I didn't previously have any knowledge of the language but I am initiating that learning process with this sentence a strange but colorful example of this is trinken which means to drink and trink which means to drown he is drinking water he drowned in pudding you can create a verb from an adjective using a if possible the verb will add an umlout to the base of the verb when you do this for example the adjective N means low when you add the prefix a and the requisite n at the end to make it into a verb it becomes aniden which is to humiliate literally to make someone low as I mentioned before a initiates the action of the verb so that means that this verb is literally starting to take someone low for the native speaker humiliates the teacher by correcting every little thing another example of this is often used on worksheets the adjective Gans means whole the verb version aen means to complete or make whole notice that there's ANL in there like I said before again we are initiating the action of making something whole with this verb for example complete the following sentences and here's the obligatory list of verbs that use the prefix e r or a next up is GE or G which is by far my least favorite prefix because the meaning seems to be completely arbitrary it's like the Germans ran out of prefixes to use so they just threw all of the other verbs into this category luckily this isn't nearly as popular as some of the other prefixes which have more definite meanings denin and gin are worse check out these examples I am thinking about your mother I have thought about your mother often with this plaque we are commemorating the soldiers with this plaque we commemorated the soldiers this time there is literally no difference between the past participle of gin and the past participle of denin you can tell based on the use and the context but still it's bothersome basically what I'm saying is you need to be careful with the verbs with the prefix GE as they often have non- prefixed versions that share scary similarities to the prefixed versions as I mentioned before the G prefix is not nearly as popular as some of the other ones on our list for today so the prefix list for this one is relatively short next up is Miss unlike GE Miss is super easy to use it's pretty much the same as the English prefix miss it indicates that something went aai it didn't go as planned something is bad for example akan means to respect or regard but Misan means to disregard or disobey via we respect the law he disregarded the warning is to trust but m is to mistrust I don't trust him I mistrust him a fun one is Mis it has two prefixes Miss and Fa both of them are inseparable means to stand f means to understand Mis means to misunderstand ELO Elmo is standing in the corner ELO Elmo understands the man Elmo Elmo misunderstands the man the list for this prefix is relatively short as well next up is fa there are a ton of verbs that start with fa this is partially due to the fact that this prefix is relatively flexible with with its meaning there are several categories into which one can classify the verbs with the prefix F but they all have one overarching idea the prefix Fe changes the direction of the verb it doesn't point it in a particular direction it simply means that it isn't the direction that the verb went prior to the prefix fa being applied the actual direction is expressed through the rest of the sentence the first category that most people mention is the concept of completing or going away the verb laen means to run or walk or at the very least to go on foot generally there is a direction or a destination in mind when laen takes place when you add fa you get Fen which translates as to get lost it literally is going somewhere but you don't end up where you wanted to go you could think of it as indicating that something is going to excess or in a bad way if you want to point the direction of a verb with Fe in a particular direction you need to do that with a bit more information in the sentence to give that context as the verb and the prefix combination on their own can't do that I am running to the train station the destination is clear and I have purposefully reached this destination I lose myself to the train station in this sentence Fen is not going straight to the train station the subject is lost or getting lost but still arrives at the train station even though they got lost or because they got lost H is translated as to hunger but is to starve literally to hunger to excess you will no longer hunger or thirst I need to eat breakfast otherwise I will starve yagen is to hunt but Fagen is to chase away de ice the Ice King hunts the Dragon the dragon chases away the Sheep I've mentioned a couple of times now when you add you get to despise you regard them in the wrong direction my dog despises squirrels it can also imbue a verb with an attribute by changing a noun or adjective into a verb for example means to make simple as the word just means simple should I make this work easier you can make things into stone by using the verb which comes from the word or stone after a few million years the trees Turn to Stone or petrify you can also do this with slightly less literal verbs like to embody which comes from the noun the body GAA this snake represents or embodies no danger as I mentioned earlier this is one of the most popular Inseparable prefixes in the German language that website that I keep mentioning says that they make up 45% of all Inseparable verbs in the German language but this is the one that makes me question their numbers as I found fewer verbs with v than just eer at any R here is a giant list of verbs that use v r or Fe as their prefix the last prefix for today is SE this prefix is used to destroy things or break them into pieces I mean that literally words like to bother or disturb changes to to destroy literally that would be to bother or disturb two pieces here is an example please don't disturb me while I am working a fire destroyed the forest it doesn't have to be this drastic however as the verb tyen means to divide but means to cut up or cut off Z his mother divides or shares the cake the wall cut off the berliners for 28 years of course there are a lot of terrible verbs on this list because they all mean to destroy something but by means of the main part of the verb for example the dog bit me the Platypus chewed up my finger the boy picks a few flowers the boy picks a few flowers apart here is the last big list of verbs for the day in this lesson I will teach you how to use the separable prefix verbs in German also known as I explain when to separate the prefix from the verb and when not to I'll also show you a list of separable prefixes you will learn how these separable verbs work and how to use a variety of separable verbs in German through a ton of example sentences the list of separable prefixes is considerably longer than the Inseparable prefixes that I explained last week that's why there is no way I could cover the them all in one video but you can see them listed on the screen now today I'll use a variety of these prefixes to illustrate the rules for how to use them in a variety of situations but for those of you who just want to know which prefixes are separable there you go most of the time the separable prefixes will be separated from the main part of the verb hence the name when they are separated they go to the end of the sentence or clause in which the main part of the verb was used for example AB to clear off the child clears off the table the main part of the verb goes where the conjugated verb usually goes in statements this is most commonly the second position but I'll show you some examples later in which the verb is moved to a different location the prefix AB is moved to the end of the sentence right before the period let's try a few more of those before I move on to a different rule un to arrive van when does the train arrive to give up or Surrender Copus never gives up to join my wife is joining the church all of the examples so far have been in the present tense if you use the simple past or PR tense nothing changes except for the form of the verb used here are the same examples but in the simple past the child cleared the table when did the train arrive cus cisus never gave up my wife joined the church if you use the verb to form the future tense you push the verb to the end of the sentence or clause in the infinitive form just like you would with any other verb with the separable prefix verbs this means that you put the prefix back on the main part of the verb as the infinitive form of any verb with a separable prefix is simply that verb with the prefix attached you put the emphasis of the word on the prefix and not on the main part of the verb this is the opposite of what I said last week for Inseparable prefixes for example H gets the emphasis H claton H claton to climb up the Itsy Bitsy Spider will climb up again to watch TV this evening we will watch TV this rule also works if you use a modal verb in either the present or simple past tenses to go away you have to go away now to download when I was a kid we couldn't download music if the infinitive that you're using requires you put between the prefix and the rest of the verb for example to uplo order to upload this video today I had to work the entire day to ask or check with instead of asking her mother she simply went out when you use a separable verb in the perect tense or any of the tenses that are based upon it you put the GE part of the past participle between the prefix and the rest of the verb the past participle still goes where it normally would the end of the sentence or clause for example to take place the meeting took place in the conference room to listen my son didn't listen to me don't forget that when you use the perfect tense in a subordinate clause that the conjugated verb goes at the end of the sentence which means habin or Z is behind the past participle for example when my brother came back I left as I mentioned these rules apply to the tenses that are based upon the perfect tense to this would include the to release the police released new information about the bank robbery or the the future perfect to my mother will have already shopped or even in the passive voice to release the the information was released by the police if you're using a verb with a separable prefix in a nabas or a subordinate clause you put the prefix and the rest of the verb together even if that verb is conjugated for example einen to shop or buy V BR when he shops he doesn't bring his dog for by Common to come by my mother is asking if my girlfriend is coming over I know I've explained a ton of rules today so let's do a quick recap so you can see them all together number one if the separable prefix is used in a simple sentence in the present or simple past tenses put the prefix at the end of the sentence Clause number two if you need to use the infinitive of the verb put the prefix back on the front of the verb number three if that infinitive requires two put two between the prefix and the rest of the verb number I I can't get my pinky to move without having my ring finger go so I can't do the it doesn't work because of the pinky always comes up with the FIA I don't know anyway number four if you're using a past participle the ones that are used in the perfect plam perfect and the fut tenses put the GE between the prefix and the rest of the verb number five if you are using a subordinate clause with a separable prefix put the conjugated form of the verb with the prefix at the end of the Clause together today I'm going to introduce you to the most common separable prefixes in German and show you how each of them modify the meaning of the verb to which it is attached first a quick disclaimer if you want to translate these prefixes directly from German to English you will run into a lot of problems languages are not one to one they can't be translated with just one word equals another word in each language it doesn't work like that this is pretty clear with verbs like Gan which usually translates to the English verb to go if you say in English however that you are going to the store you probably mean instead ofad Gan requires that you are going on foot and in English the verb to go doesn't necessarily need to be on foot you can use a vehicle or even a plane these kinds of subtle differences is why it's virtually impossible to translate prefixes with one word or even just one idea they carry a lot of nuance basically what I'm saying is that while I will be giving generalizations about prefixes and their meanings the more subtle details about the meanings may get lost in the generalizations so you may have to look at the use in context to find out how a prefix is modifying a a verb the first prefix on my list for today is AB this prefix is most often associated with removing something or moving something away from something else sometimes this removal may give the impression of a downwards movement take the verb Bowen for example normally bow is translated as to build the verb upbow is to dismantle it's literally to build something away you can think of it as unbuilding something bow to build Z Starbuck they are building another Starbucks there to dismantle oob after the October Fest all of the tents are dismantled the verb Bean is a fun one visually normally it means to bend add the prefix OB and it acts more like the English verb to turn if you think of it literally it's like saying that you are bending off you're bending yourself off of the road or bending your path away from the road to [Music] bendan the monk bends the spoon with his mind AB to turn be turn right at the next street a very common use for this prefix would be departur for example abar and Aben this is the reason that you'll see signs in train station with the word abat or in airports with the word abug these are the noun versions of these verbs they change departing into departure here are those two verbs in action to depart with something on Wheels the train departs at 10:00 to depart with a flying apparatus the flight depart or takes off at 10:00 to [Music] read the mayor is reading a book aaz to read from teleprompter the mayor reads his speech from the teleprompter since today's list is about the most popular separable prefixes there are a ton of verbs that use this prefix whatever the original verb was think of the prefix AB as removing that action or taking it off if you want to see more verb examples for any of the prefixes in this video I put a link in the description where you can find a list of the most common verbs that are used with each of the prefixes on the list for today up next is the prefix an It generally adds up or on to a verb most often it's translated with the English word on this is one of the easiest prefixes to understand for English speakers as the translation and the use is pretty much the same in both languages the most difficult part is stretching your understanding of how on Works in English to make sure that you Encompass everything that the German prefix does you can think of an as the kind of yin to ob's Yang an means that things go towards or close to contact but contact isn't necessary while OB does the opposite let's take a look at some examples so you see what I mean Bow to build Bob B Bob is building a shed an to build on Bob B Bob is building on a porch or Bob is adding a porch to cultivate Bob B in Bob is cultivating or growing carrots in his garden this verb has two uses it can be used in a more literal sense and simply take the verb to build and add in the preposition on but its more common meaning is to grow or c culate while at first glance this translation doesn't quite fit think of what you're doing when you plant or grow something you build it on the earth that's what cultivating is B to tie this is how you tie a tie to Tey the cowboy tethers his horse or the cowboy ties his horse to a post Brenan to burn de the forest fire has been burning since May to burn or start burning um um the omelet is burning the omelet is starting to burn hanging to hang the picture is hanging on the wallhanging to attach hitch or stick I attached the document to this email the next prefix on my list is Alf contrary to what many people believe Alf and an are not actually both on this is abundantly clear with the prefix versions Alf as a prefix can have several translations it can be translated with up or upwards keeping with the tradition of using Bowen in all of my examples so far here's what it looks like with that verb to build up construct or establish a I have built up a good relationship with my colleagues to do often used with sports I don't do any sports at all to float the ship floats in the harbor to scare up or get a hold ofart my mom scared me up some s'mores Pop-Tarts to light the Morning Light lights my face to light up Al the Panic alarm is lighting up the prefix Alf can also be translated with open this is due to the fact that opening things often means that you move something up in order to put it in the open position for example to make or do always when my mother would like to go shopping she makes a list first to open or make open can you please open the door probably the most confusing example with this is the verb to close please close the door to unlock or open the boy unlocks or opens the door the reason this is confusing is due to the fact that almost every textbook I have ever seen only shows the definition to close for schen but it also means to lock which is why it's appropriate for these examples as Al is literally just to open the lock the last use of Alf is for stopping actions for example to hear or listen musque do you hear the music to stop stop eating out of the trash this verb is often confusing for Learners as well as it no longer has the meaning listen in it at all and it only is left with stop which is incredibly confusing the reasoning is simple it used to be stop what you doing and listen up over time the listening part dropped out and the stop part remained art language is fun another fun fact is that this actually means that the prefix Al doesn't mean stop in this instance it simply means up as we used before this is true of all of the other times when Alf is translated with stop Al to stop the stopping part comes from the verb and not the prefix it's really to hold up the same as the English to give up this one isn't even translated as to stop but it's often given as an example of this prefix meaning to stop which it clearly doesn't it still means up it's true that when you give something up you stop doing it but the stopping connotation doesn't come from the prefix this one is probably one of the easier ones on the list it's most often translated without and that's usually perfect for example Atman to breathe fish atasa the fish breathes in the water Atman to breathe out Atma breathe out by the way this verb works with several prefixes as you can breathe in Atman you can breathe out Atman and you can even do them both Atman also Al Atman is to sigh or breathe easily or relax to [Music] throw the player throws the ball to eject expel or cast as in fishing man USB you should eject your USB stick securely before you remove it from the computer to hold L the robber is holding the pistol in his left hand aan to withstand endure or hold out blonde and red-haired children can't withstand the hot summer sun blin to stay or remain via BL we are staying at home today to not show up to some event or to stay out in 2012 the end of the world didn't show up or didn't happen the prefix by has a general together feel to it but it's usually translated as with or at it's used to add something to the original verb for example to carry M my dog is carrying a bone in its mouth to [Music] contribute he doesn't contribute anything to this conversation bring to bring the waiter brings me a glass of water by bringing to teach Anum teaches us German to keep or retain I am keeping this broken television in order to make an aquarium out of it to maintain or retain although he has lived in the USA since 1968 he still retains or maintains his accent to step or kick the girl steps into the classroom to join unfortunately you can't join my classes this prefix generally indicates motion into to something whether this be a literal sense like the verb inen to enter literally to step in or a more abstract meaning like einin which means that you set something on your phone or other digital device or you stop something like production here are a few examples to enter when I walked into the room all of the students looked at Meen to set I Rec that you set your default language on your phone to German to build in Mount or install vasah the plumber is installing the new faucet to turn into be turn into this street the prefix f is similar to the English onward or away for example for faren is to continue or proceed when you're in a vehicle alone faran just means to drive F isn't nearly as popular as an or AB it can be used with about half as many verbs as those two prefixes here are a few examples of for for br to bring away or take [Music] away after the party I have to bring my grandmother back to continue or resume for tomorrow we will continue our lesson about the two-way prepositions forag to chase away or drive [Music] away my children are chasing the butterfly away to continue or persist in park for despite the problematic nature of the statue it continues to be in the park this one is used even less than F but is an important one as it means free this is sometimes monetary but it doesn't have to be as it can be a little bit more abstract for example to release SoundCloud fry her Anum is releasing a new album on Soundcloud on Saturday to work [Music] free the thief works the wall free so that he can hide money behind it to clear or disengage he cleared his work schedule for you to release or let free when criminals become politicians criminals set criminals free the adjective h means High when you use it as a prefix it means basically the same thing it's usually used to indicate an upwards motion to hold up in a high position the mandrel holds the lion High to roll up like sleeves hot now we are rolling up our sleeves and working hard to project or extrapolate scientists project how many bears will be in the USA in the year 2050 H to shoot upwards or launch Batman Batman shoots his grappling hook up up wordss another easy to understand prefix is MIT it means with and is used as such sometimes this is a bit abstract but for the most part this prefix is pretty straightforward to contribute or [Music] collaborate video I think it's cool when other YouTubers can contribute to my video BR to bring along MIT my son always brings dinosaurs along MIT to keep up with bol bol can't keep up with me miden to help out with or assist EB's ebook helps you to master the A1 level the prefix n always means after unfortunately it isn't always as literal as people would often like for this reason many people will tell you that it has several meanings including following imitation or reduction all of these however are just variations of after that are just less literal than the other options so in my examples for this prefix I'll show you some literal options and some less literal ones to rework when I'm done with the editing of the video I sometimes rework it again to retell or [Music] recount Fred retells Ted's story to check or look [Music] up if you don't know a word you should look it up in a dictionary to imitate feel a YouTuber many YouTubers imitate other YouTubers instead of doing something special or unique the word te means deep but when it's used as a prefix it's used to indicate the low point of something in my first example teeth hanging it means that the branches are hanging at their lowest point they're hanging down so much that they're in the way of the walking path using it as a prefix isn't very common because the meaning is more than just down or downwards but it's common enough to be on today's list here are a few examples teeth hanging to hang low or deep hanging yete the branches of the tree are now hanging low to hit below the belt the boxer just hit below the belt tee hien to hold low or deepe the boy holds his head low te Zin to sink Deep D tanic zank te the Titanic sank in 1912 this one simply means away it's pretty much always translated with the word away and the English version is very similar this is one of the easiest prefixes to use ve to stay away bit please stay away to look [Music] away when the monster appears in the movie my daughter looks away to throw [Music] away every morning I throw out the coffee grounds from yesterday to erase or wipe [Music] away from I wipe away the fingerprints from the window the pre Su means to or towards this is also sometimes translated as close but that's due to the fact that whenever something is going to the wall or whatever the position is it's the closed position for example T is literally to make two but it's translated as to close the reason for that is you're making it to the closed position to [Music] close please close the door to gain weight since the quarantine I have gained 10 kilos to tuck [Music] in his Mother tucks him in every evening to press closed after you have blown up the pool you have to press the whole cover closed and in this lesson I will teach you some of the less common separable prefixes what they mean and how to use them in a variety of examples the first prefix is aanda it's pretty easy to understand it generally is translated with the word apart this is very clear in verbs like aanda Fallen which means to fall apart it's less apparent in verbs like aanda zets which means to confront or deal with take this verb apart and you'll see how it works however I've already said that aand means apart the verb zeton means to set or put you are literally setting it apart here are a few examples of this prefix in action to fall apart to dismantle or take apart in order to install more RAM in my computer I have to take it apart first to confront or deal with the politician had to confront the reality of the situation the next prefix is EMP which indicates an upward movement towards the top of something or the highest point possible empo haben for example means to lift up and is often used with religious connotation of things going towards heaven such as blessings praise here are some examples of this prefix to lift up best mention the best people turn their gaze to spiritual Heights to ASP to a high level small children often believe that they can aspire to infinite or Limitless Heights to climb to a high level POA Bane climbs out of the pit this prefix also indicates motion but this time it's towards something or against something this doesn't have to mean literally against something like some of you might think for example ant gag in common means to meet as it's kind of like you're coming towards someone until you're against them so here are a examples of ant gagan an gagan common to come to meet Batman ComEd Bane an gagan Batman comes to meet Bane it can also mean that Batman tries to please Bane in order to compromise with him he accommodates him in the content of the contract andag to receive or accept the Thirsty customer accepts the water with thanks and gag zets to resist or oppose this verb is actually saying that you are putting something in the path of something else the zeton part tells you that it's placing something the an gagan part tells you where it's being placed as I mentioned and gagan means towards something or against something that means that whatever the object of the sentence is is being placed towards something else it takes a bit to wrap your brain around this but hopefully this example helps a small group opposed the new rules you may recognize entlang as a preposition as it's generally listed with the accusative prepositions this is slightly confusing as it's actually more than likely being used in those examples as a prefix to whatever the verb is whenever it's actually used as a preposition anang requires the genitive case the prefix anang means along and can be seen in the following examples an to walk along via we are walking along this street to look along or to look at something from one end to the other and the police officer looks along the bus and to drive along my family likes to drive along the lake is a really easy prefix to understand it means into so whatever the action of the sentence is it's being done in such a way that something becomes two parts you can see that in the following examples and bison to bite in two M and my son bites the pencil in two and to go into or fall into two pieces my glasses broke in to rip in the teacher is tearing my essay in one that makes it into almost every textbook IS F this prefix is incredibly rare it means far but is usually translated with the English prefix ta the most common example of this is fanan which is to watch television it's literally seeing far but that's also exactly what television is Vision seeing T far here are a few examples of to watch television this evening we are just watching TV fan hon to keep away I keep my children away from politicians L to control remotely L the child controls the car remotely f means for or in onee nowadays f is used as a preposition or a prefix for nouns made from archaic verbs for example the verb f is to Advocate or speak for someone this hasn't been used used in like a couple hundred years but the noun F Still Remains and you can see the combination of f as a preposition anden which means the same as the old verb Fen since this video is about lesser used prefixes I thought I should include it but there are very few verbs that actually use this as a prefix the ones that do use it are either archaic or just seldom used I'm not even going to give you any examples of this in sentences as there aren't really any examples to be given another one that is mostly used for prefixes for nouns made from old verbs is gagan this prefix means against but it doesn't have to be literal think of gagan checking for example this is like the English verb to double check it could also be thought of as counter checking or rechecking gag checking to double check VI we have to double check everything that he says to counter sign he counter signs the contract as a preposition ganba means across from as a prefix it means the same but it's saying that whatever the action of the verb is is being done in such a way that the subject travels to a position across from something or someone else for example GBA to be faced with suddenly see someone in front of you unexpectedly more than likely GBA suddenly I was faced with the criminal literally speaking suddenly I saw myself across from the criminal sit AC the man and his soon Tobe ex-wife are sitting next to each other G to walk in front of Bigfoot Bigfoot just walked in front of me the word TI is literally one step to be more precise it's to lift your foot off of the ground and put it back on the ground that's one the direction of this movement or action is not really important but is expressed in context that's why you can say to tread water or not make any progress is to kick someone is figuratively to resign and literally to step back Tron is the sequence of doing TR or steps if you use the verb GBA Tron you are stopping in front of someone else Bigfoot didn't continue walking after he stepped in front of me he just kind of stood there for a bit the prefix him isn't very common it simply means home so there's a finite number of verbs that you can use with you can go home drive home fly home and so on but that's pretty much the extent of it here are a few examples to go home I am going home now to bring home tomorrow we are bringing our new dog home to lead home I was so tired that my dog had to lead me home the prefix hint means afterwards or after that it's basically a prefix that functions as an adverb here are a few examples hint to follow or come after SUVs after the first car four SUVs followed H to throw at someone from behind as they are leaving the bully threw rocks at the girl as she left to lag behind literally to limp behind the USA is lagging behind the European Union when it comes to getting covid-19 under control a relatively popular pre Prix at least for our list for today is Los this prefix indicates that something is starting such as losan to start or losan to start giggling or snickering it can also mean away as in the verbs Los keton to unchain to get something loose or off and now some examples to start driving as soon as I see my mother I start driving away to get something loose or off my father couldn't get the lid loose or off Los Bend to untie or let loose DEA bendit Los the hunter is untying the fox or the hunter is letting the fox loose if you are familiar with the preposition naan which means next to you'll understand this prefix pretty easily it indicates that two or more things are immediately adjacent to one another as the prefix Gigan and F this prefix nean is mostly used for nouns now it can be created with verbs however the nouns created with this prefix and the other ones for that matter are usually noun versions of verbs for example dellan is to act a Della is an actor a naan Della is a supporting actor you might also see this prefix combined with aanda to become neand which you can see in the verb neand to hold next to one another all of the other verbs like this are incredibly similar neand zits to sit next to one another neand to place next to one another and so on you get the idea here are some examples for good measure to hold next to one another the salesperson holds the earrings next to each other for comparison to sit next to one another my parents refuse to sit next to each other to place next to one another the waiter puts the glasses next to each other the prefix Nita indicates a downward Direction this is apparent in verbs like n to bow down or nen to burn down here are some examples Bren to burn down tinth BR House tinth Is Burning Down The House to turn or push downwards as I turned the door handle I saw the shadow behind me to add the idea of continuation or onwards motion use the prefix VA for example to drive on or continue driving after we filled up on gas we drove on or continued driving V to move on or continue on the nomads continued on V to continue talking after he took a drink of water he continued drinking the word means back as a prefix it means to return to the origin or go back to where something previously was for example to come back Z they came back from the party at 3:00 a.m. to bring back neighbor didn't bring back my tools to hold back or restrain the beer garden keeps a Euro as a deposit the prefix means together so whatever the action of the verb is it brings two or more things or people towards each other for example to sit together the waiter is pushing the two small tables together so that we can all sit together to grow together it took six weeks before my leg bone grew back together B to tie together or her Anum ties his mask behind his head so that it doesn't always push on his ears if you like these lessons but wish there is a way for you to practice what you're learning check out the book that goes with this course called Elementary German with her Anum it's available on my website German withth an.com or on Amazon both are linked in the description okay [Music] for forit for okay [Music] ah yeah yeah for [Music] than [Music] you already know how to conjugate regular verbs in German in the present tense today I'm going to teach you how to use some of the stem changing verbs in the present tense in German the stem of a verb is the part of the verb before the ending of e n or n in the infinitive form so the stem ofah is M and the stem of Kenan is Ken normally when you change a verb to match the subject of the sentence you simply remove theen or n from the end of the infinitive and add the ending that corresponds to your subject for example s and so on sometimes there is a change that's required within the stem of the verb we call these verbs stem changing verbs grammar terminology isn't very creative in the naming Department there are three categories of stem changing verbs in German in the present tense a to a oml e to i and e to i e you have likely come across all three of these categories of verbs before in your German learning already but you just didn't realize it until now let's get to some examples the verb far means to drive and it falls into the first category of a to aout these stem changes however only affect the do and azs forms so the full conjugation of far looks like this as you can see we simply added ANL for the do and s s forms of the verb that sounds simple enough but there is one little Quirk about this change you may remember from my lesson about regular conjugation if the last letter of the verb stem is D or t you need to add e between the stem the part of the verb before theen and the conjugation ending for do a z s and E because otherwise the word would be practically impossible to pronounce the additional e makes the word easier to pronounce well if that verb also has a stem change from a to a oml it does not get this e added for the do and a s forms the verb Laden is one such verb when added to the prefix a you get the word to invite here are some examples with it I am inviting your mother to dinner what why are you inviting my mother to dinner haha he's inviting your mother to dinner we are inviting your entire family to dinner are you also inviting my father to dinner no they're not inviting your father notice how I didn't add an e between late and the St or t endings for do and s how about the fact that I did add one for the ear form lit where there is no oml well this is exactly what happens with these verbs if there is an oml out added to the do and air s forms don't add an e in between the verb stem and the ending one other thing that you might notice about these verbs is that sometimes you'll come across a verb that has Au u in the middle of it sometimes this requires us to put an umlout over the do and azs forms the umlout still goes over the a this happens in the verb I run two kilom every day why do you run so much father runs that much too we run together why do you all run so much kilom all family members Run 2 kilom our second category of stem changing verbs is e to I this includes such verbs as gin to give as with the previous category you only change the stem in the do and a s forms here are a few examples of G in action I am giving my wife a necklace what are you giving me for my birthday H Hans gives his father a golf club via Gand we give each other gifts what are you giving your grandmother for her birthday the children are giving their friends chocolate one verb in this category is a bit weirder than the rest the verb n not only changes from an e to an i in the stem but it also replaces the H with an extra M so instead of do n and azs n we instead get and N here it is in action I'll take this blouse in a size smaller are you taking your teddy bear along he is taking away my chocolate we don't take drugs why don't you take your brother along the children take their toys the last category of stem changing verbs is e to i e as with of the other categories only the do and azs forms get the stem change you have probably already seen this in the verb Zan don't forget you can also use zan with prefixes such as fan or El which changes the meaning of the verb this means that you can have more versatile examples like these I am watching TV this evening you look really great my sister doesn't see the snake we will see each other next week do you like watching TV our children look tired there aren't any weird rules to be added for the verbs that change from E to i e this is a good time however to remind you that some stems end in s s set X or Z and they require no s in the due form this can be seen in the verb I like reading novels what are you reading right now my brother doesn't read at all we are reading the menu first do you read the newspaper daily the employees read the guests the rules there are quite a few verbs that use one of these stem changes here's a quick list of verbs in each of the three categories that you're more than likely going to see as you're learning German I only included the base forms of the verbs so verbs with prefixes are not included on the list if a prefix is used it's used like any other prefix separable ones are separated and Inseparable ones are not the conjugation of the verb does not change based on the prefix you can download this list for free from my website via the link in the description technically speaking there is one more category of stem changing verb but it only happens with one verb so I would simply classify it as an irregular verb that has to be learned on its own that verb Isen which requires ANL out for the do and airs forms here are a few examples of it I bump my brother with my foot why are you poking me in the side the karate instructor hits his fist against the board we hit our fists against the boards to brute why are you stabbing me in the back you too Brutus de the bonang in the the farmers are pushing the bean poles into the [Music] ground for [Music] [Music] f [Music] [Music] fore for [Music] thanana [Music] for for [Music] in today you're going to learn how to form the German command form also known as the imperative this is what you use to boss people around tell them what to do or otherwise just command people to act in a certain way all in German I'll show you all of the different forms that you can use and the quirks that go with each type of command when you're done with this video you'll be able to command anyone you want you will rule the world m ha just kidding but you will learn the German imperative form at the end of this video there are a bunch of examples with various forms side by side so that you can compare the forms and see what the command might look like if it were directed at a different person or different people there are a couple of things that all commands do in German they all start with the verb and at the end you don't make the pitch change like you would at the end of a question for example GZA are you going home that's a question your voice goes up a little bit at the end GZA go home that's a command your pitch stays flat the entire time the first command form that I'm going to teach you is the easiest when you use the Z form as a command you simply put the verb first the Z form which is usually the same as the infinitive the subject Z is then next and the rest of your sentence follows after that check out these examples to see what I mean please disembark or exit plats insert the card into the slot name B plats please have a seat please take a seat open the door bring me the pork cutlet with potatoes please have a moment of patience while the verb habin is not weird this time the verb Z as always is confusing and weird for the Z form command you add an extra e in the middle of the infinitive if you need to tell someone to behave in a particular way you need the verb Z more specifically the form Z here are a few examples of that Z please be quiet be careful Z fi be diligent just like any other situation in German there is a formal option and an informal option the Z form that I just explained is how you would speak to a stranger or a person of Authority for more information about the subtle differences between the formal and informal u in German there's a link in the description assuming that you already know the differences between formal and informal u in German I'm now ready to teach you about the do form command this command form is more similar to the English commands in that the subject pronoun you drops out of the sentence in order to form the command form for do start with a normal sentence in the do form for example G are you going home or DOA you are going home it doesn't matter if this is a statement or a question once you have your sentence brush the dust off of it the do in the St g go home now you have a command since the subject pronoun do drops out of the sentence you don't have to worry about the word order as long as the end result is that your verb is at the beginning here are a few more examples with do open your book to page 304 B tie your shoes pass pay attention give me back my C phone don't drive so fast with these examples I can show you several of the quirks about the do form commands the first example is a normal example I simply conjugated the verb Alm to the do form and then removed both do and St from the sentence there's nothing weird about this example at all so long as you know how to use a separable prefix like Alf in the second example you'll notice that I put e at the end of the verb instead of bind I said binda technically if you follow the rules that I've mentioned so far this isn't different either conjugate the verb benden to the do form Bist then remove the do and St from the sentence you end up with binda the E that you added in order to conjugate the verb remains when you make it the command technically speaking all commands with the do form can have an e at the end of them if you so wish but in conversational German the E is only added when you would have added an e in the normal form this will happen with any verb stem that ends in d t or a group of consonants with different sounds for example don't talk to me that way find the remote wait please turn out the light take a deep breath Pony draw a pony in the example I showed you another Quirk the verb is when you conjugate this verb to the do form it becomes do past if you remove the do and St from the sentence you would end up with pass o but the version that I wrote has both s's why well you didn't add an S when you conjugated it so you wouldn't remove an S when you change it into a command this will happen with any verb that ends in s s set X or Z for example Fred Fred please read aloud don't eat so much don't bite your brother me the contract please don't curse me sit down don't dance in the street even if Martha does it in the example I showed you how to use a stem changing verb in the Comm command form if you do know how to use them you will know that the do form is affected by this change that means that verbs like gabin the verb becomes gibst when it's in the do form this in turn means that the command form for do with gabin is Gibb the same thing was shown in the examples of and so if there is a stem change in the present tense version of the verb keep that stem change when the command form is made don't forget that the verb N is a bit weird it becomes Nim for the do form as a command it is then Nim here are a few more examples of stem changes don't take more than you can eat look over there help me help me steel KN never steal but what about the example you ask verbs with a to a stem changes do not get their stem change in the command form here are a few more examples of that just for good measure guess what I got don't hit your sister don't sleep the entire day some verbs in German end with Ln or RN instead of e n for example fion and with these verbs the conjugated form for in the present tense is and with Ln verbs it is optional to leave out the E before the L for example for the RN verbs it's less common but still generally accepted to lose the E before the r when speaking for example when you make a command out of these verbs you'll need to have the e at the end while the one in the middle is still optional my personal preference with commands and these types of verbs is that the middle one is still included here are a few examples of those kind of verbs is for smile 2020 is over collect all the coins in order to win a prize don't celebrate too much ship me the gift as usual the verbs Hab and z are unusual the normal present tense of the verb haban is Do Hast if you follow my instructions so far and you simply remove the St at the end you would end up with ha that's obviously not right the DU form command for haban is Hab for example have patience Hab have a lot of fun for Z we use Z as the do form command here are a few examples of that Z please don't be angry be careful behave I like to use that last example because the verb to behave in English has always kind of fascinated me it acts like the verb to be with an adverb but is actually just one word in German it actually is two words I just think it's cool to see this subtle difference between the languages when commanding more than one person informally you would use the ear form this form is considerably easier than the do form as there are no stem changes in this form in order to make a command for ear you simply conjugate the verb in the ear form and then you drop the ear like van go here are a few examples of that gatea go home don't ride your B icle on the street smile more leave your shoes at the door read this book first download this PDF sit down in those examples you can see verbs that add an E before the conjugated ending L verbs with an S at the end last verbs that in the do and a s form require a stem change Le verbs with Ln and verbs with separable prefixes zet with all of those examples nothing strange happens at all the ear form commands are definitely among the easiest even the forms of habin and Zine are normal HT and Zite have a nice trip have a piece of cake be quiet don't be sad next up we have the verer form commands this might not make sense if you try to translate directly but the ver form commands are just like saying let's do this or let's do that just like with the Z form you simply use the form of the verb that usually goes with via and then you put the verb first again there is nothing weird about these forms mAh let's do our homework let's go soon let's buy my mother this blouse let every morning the verb habin is not weird in this form as it simply uses the normal form habin Z on the other hand uses the same form it did with Z Zion here are a few examples of that let's have ice cream for dinner let's be satisfied with what we have another kind of command in German that is often overlooked in videos like this is the official style command that you will hear in announcements on trains or see on signs this is formed by simply putting the infinitive of the verb at the end of the sentence here are a few real life examples of that end here this train ends here please all exit dogs must be on a leash leave the fire department exit open all day and night or don't block the fire department exit during day or night turn off your phones please keep your distance a similar version of this is to use a form of Z either the azs form or the Z plural meaning they form plus an infinitive and the preposition for example H dogs are to be led on a leash children and Unleashed animals are to be watched Z litter is to be cleaned up now that you know the different forms of commands let's look at them next to each other and compare them let's start with the regular verb like Comm to come come with me come with me come with me let's come with him stem changing verbs from E to I gabin to give give me your money give me your money give me your money let's give him our money notice that I change the possessive in each of those sentences so that I match the person being commanded and the possessive make sure to be consistent with the forms that you use no matter which one you choose stem changing verb from E to i e L to read read the sign read the sign read the sign let's read the sign stem changing verb from a to a to start start F start F start let's start verb that ends in Ln to collect Z Pokemon collect a lot of Pokemon Z Pokemon collect a lot of Pokemon Pokemon collect a lot of Pokemon Pokemon let's collect a lot of Pokemon a verb that ends an RN to anoy don't Anno him Anno don't Anno him let's not annoy him the irregular verb Hab to have please have patience please have patience please have patience let's have patience please the irregular verb Z to be be careful be careful be careful let's be [Music] careful for for lady G part okay okay online today I'm going to explain to you the basics of the modal verbs in German also known as modal auxiliaries or mod in German so I'm going to go through the list of the modal verbs how they're used what the conjugation of them is and all of the things that you might need when you first encounter the modal verbs in German first one on our list for today is mgan mgan mgan means to like and and when you conjugate a modal auxiliary the first three forms are going to be a bit odd and the bottom three forms are going to be normal so in this case we have an O oml changing into an A and the in the air s form don't get an ending at all so we have do s v mgan m z mgan as I mentioned this verb means to like so in a few example sentences here we can see how it's used I like trains I like trains a pizza a pizza he likes Pizza a pizza V baseball we like baseball via mgan baseball as you can see from these examples we basically just have mugan followed by an object of some sort to indicate that we like that object if you like an activity you are probably better served by using the word gon and that other verb that you like so you could say something likeon I like to play and follow it up with baseball a baseball and that would make a lot more sense than whenever you're trying to use mgan mgan is almost exclusively used with an object and no additional verb in the sentence that's a little bit of a contrast to all of the other modal verbs on our list for today and that is that the reason some people call them modal auxiliaries is that they are auxiliary verbs in other words they are helping verbs they're verbs that go along with other verbs in a sentence the only exception to that is Mogan which it can be used as a helping verb but generally speaking then it changes the meaning from we like to do this versus we may do this we might do this so it's a a bit of a difference of meaning of what you actually were looking for and at the beginner level it's probably not what you meant so for the most part keep away from using mugan with an extra verb next up on our list we have m m is technically not an additional modal auxiliary or modal verb m is basically what happens if an artist drops a new album and on that album they have a few bonus tracks but one of the bonus tracks is basically just like the same song but kind of a remix and that's what mton is mton is a remix to mgan mgan is to like and the subjunctive mood or the conun version of that would be M or at least one of the forms of that would be M we sometimes show this word m in a textbook in German as if it's its own verb but to be fair it's not it's just a form of mugan that is so commonly used as wouldlike and it's used for polite requests and stuff like that it's so often used like that that we pretend it's its own verb even though it's technically not to conjugate musen we have a slight change from what you might see in other forms and that is that we keep the oml for all of the forms of M [Music] as you can see again the and the a s form are the same this actually has to do with the way that the subjunctive mood or the con is formulated but it is helpful that all of the modal auxiliaries follow the same pattern that and azs are going to be the same if you're wondering how we got from M into M if you follow the verb mgan we have the infinitive form or the form that you'll find in the dictionary and we start with that if you change that into the past tense you end up with M like I liked something past tense once we get to the past tense if you addl that's generally how you make theun or the subjunctive move of things so this is how we came Froman into m is the past tense as our kind of in between and M is the final product here are a few examples of M in sentences vas what would you like to order notice here we have two verbs we have M which is conjugated there to go with z and at the beginning of the sentence for this question then we have Bellin at the end of the sentence this is the infinitive form of the verb bellan or to order in English bellan has that n at the end of it and it is not conjugated but mtan is conjugated it goes with Z in this sentence this is what happens when a modal auxiliary or a modal verb is used with an addition verb it pushes the other verb to the end of the sentence and it's used in its infinitive form or the form that you'll find in the dictionary I would like to order the roast beef Bellin here you'll notice that I have Bellin in parentheses and that's because just as you can in English leave out to order in this sentence you can leave out Bellin in the sentence in German it changes the sentence ever so slightly in meaning but it's still basically the same idea I would like the roast beef this will only happen if you can imply the other verb meaning that whenever you leave out that other uh additional verb at the end of the sentence does it still make sense does it still have the same meaning without it can we assume what the verb would be even though it's not there if the answer is yes it is okay to leave out that extra verb if it is not then we need to of course keep that in there so that the context makes sense our last example here is again we would like to go homea all by itself means towards home so we don't necessarily need the verb Gan to tell us that we are going home we do need it in English because it wouldn't work out englishwise for grammar if we leave out to go if you just say I would like to home or I would like home that doesn't have the same meaning in English but in German because of the context of nza we can tell here that we mean Gan or far or risen or whatever mode of transportation you're using to go home but we know that it's going in some way and so we can imply that verb without explicitly saying it in the sentence next up we have what I call the end of the 3 M's uh if you don't know 3M is a company that makes things like uh Scotch tape and other kinds of tape and things that stick to walls basically uh but this is the end of the 3M I like to put the 3M first just so that I make sure that I have all three of them on my list of modal auxiliaries or modal verbs missen is the next one and missen means must or to have to when we conjugate this one we lose the umlout for the top three forms and we gain it back for the bottom three again the A and air s form do not have an ending to go on them but the do form does the conjugation of Miss goes like this [Music] s z again nols in the top half buts in the bottom half here are a few examples of mus in action I have to clean my room she has to take out the trash we have to go soon notice in each one of these sentences we again have an infinitive at the end of the sentence in the first two examples I use separable prefixes separable prefixes are usually removed from the verb and put at the end of the sentence but since we're using the infinitive form of our verbs here we have Alman as one word and Rous in as one word that's because our separable prefixes of Al and are there stuck together back again as the infinitive of the verb in the last example you'll notice that I left gayan in there without the parentheses around at this time and that is because Gan is not implied in this in any way if we just say VI Miss we need to know more context to figure out what we have to do for the end of the sentence after we've learned the three M of the modal verbs I like to move on to alphabetical order after that and we go to derin duin means May or to be allowed to do something so this is often used for asking for permission to do something when we conjugate this verb we have to use an a where there used to be a u for the do and a s forms again the and AZ s form do not have an ending but the do form has an st the full conjugation is as follows do Z here are a few examples of how you might usein in a sentence may I go to the restroom as in previous examples aeta indicates motion towards the toilet and therefore of course we do not need Gan at the end of the sentence if you want to of course you could add it in there you are not allowed to sleep in the the children are not allowed to stay up the entire night after we have kunan means can or to be able to for the conjugated forms of kunan you can you can notice the evolution of the English language with can and can and the relationship that is clearly there between those two again and AZ s have no ending but the do form has an st the first three forms require an a in the middle whereas the last three require an O the full conjugation is as follows a Zs via k z here are a few examples of the verb kunan in action I can speak German fle air fle he can fly air can fle my parents can always find problems after we'll move on to zolin zolin does not have an oml out to begin with so when we conjugate this one we do not lose an oml out nor do we gain an OM out anywhere in this chart the A and the airz S form don't have an ending again but all of the rest of the forms are perfectly normal and we have the same endings and the same stem that we had before when we conjugated normal verbs the conjugation of zolen is as follows z s here are a few examples of the verb Zen In [Music] Action you should or shall do your homework do d he should or is supposed to bake a cake Z should we go shall we go a word of caution the forms that are used in these examples here are more like commands than they are suggestions if you're going to say uh you should do this as in I recommend this this is my recommendation to you you need the versions of this those forms would be do zest a Zs Z via zet and Z Zen those are the forms you're going to use if you are making suggestions or recommendations if you mean more of a command version and you're saying you're going to do this as in when your mom says you should do your homework she's not suggesting you do your homework she's saying go do your homework in that same instance when you say you're really saying you are going to do your homework now you shall do this next up is the last of the actual modal auxiliaries and that is volen volen means to want to conjugate volen we remove the O and replace it with an i for the first three forms then the O comes back for the last three forms again the I and the AZ s form do not take endings [Music] a z s ven VA Zen you may recognize that V is in there it looks like will sounds a lot like will but does not mean will this is not something that is used for the future tense this is a place where the German and the English languages kind of diverged when they were evolving at the same time so what happened here is we have will as in thy will be done and we have will as in this is what's going to happen future tense those two things used to be used differently throughout the English language and German whenever it was evolving did not make that Divergence so we now have Vil as in to want and this is the reason that your last will and testament tells you what it is that you want to happen to all of your stuff once you're gone those things are all V or will in the same way I mention this because when we get to the next thing the thing that's still blocked out there that is when we're going to be talking about will using the future tense but for now volen means to want and that's how we're using it in the following examples I want to go down in Applause in for those of you who don't know that's from a Ramstein song called you should definitely check out the song by romstein because that will make it so that you never forget the conjugation ofen he wants to eat the entire cake we no longer want our car in this last one you'll notice that I left off the verb again at the end this verb could be habin but because we are just saying the car is the thing that we don't want in this sentence we don't necessarily need an extra verb whereas in the first two examples with unan and Essen we require those extra verbs to give us more context for the sentence the last verb on our list for today is not a modal auxiliary this verb is ven ven is used to form the future tense why do I bring it up now it's used almost exactly the same way that the modal auxiliaries are meaning that when you use it with an extra ex ra verb the other verb goes to the end of the sentence as an infinitive I'll show you some examples of that here in a minute word of caution though when you are conjugating ven remind yourself that it is not a modal verb meaning that it is not conjugated in the same way that modal verbs are normally conjugated so for instance the form is normal the do and azs form are irregular similar to what happens with stem chain in verbs if you've seen a lesson on that the do form is do and the S form is a then the rest of the forms are normal vien Zen so the full conjugation of Ven used for the future tense meaning will looks like this s here are a few examples saying goodbye to 2020 2021 I will go outside fore what will he do now rub in 2021 my friends will come [Music] over to wrap things up for today we have the entire conjugation chart of all of the modal auxiliaries plus theen which I mentioned is used for the future tense let's go back through the list mer to like do s [Music] z would like Miss must or to have to do must s Miss Z Miss May or to be allowed to do d z s Z can or to be able to Z Zen should or shall or to be supposed toen to want do s VA Z will used for the future tense Z take these lessons off of your screen and into your home when you purchase Elementary German with hair Anum you can practice what you're learning with worksheets and answer keys listen to the lessons whenever you want with the MP3 downloads and a whole lot more hello El mcdonaldd for okay B done Chee Chee yes Mini fore foree for Fore foree fore first of all what is a personal pronoun pronouns in general replace nouns nouns are people places things and ideas if you replace one of those with a word that is usually shorter that word is a pronoun personal pronouns are the ones that you usually think of when someone mentions pronouns we call them the personal pronouns to differentiate between possessive pronouns and personal pronouns possessive pronouns would be like mine and yours in English personal pronouns are words like I me you he him she her and so on you should already be familiar with the nominative case personal pronouns in German they're the ones that you use in conjugation charts do z s via Z and Z each of those has another version that's used when the pronoun is referring to something or someone that is the direct object of the sentence which in German is displayed in the accusative case for example if I am the direct object of the sentence I no longer use the pronoun I this pronoun switches to me in English in German we go from to M here's a bit more of a concrete example of this I like your brother he likes me too in the first one I am the one that likes someone so I am in the nominative case in the second one I am the one that is being liked so I am in the accusative case M this works in the same way when we look at the pronoun a a is in the nominative form just like he is in English when we change to the direct object in English we switch to him in German a becomes in you already saw a in the nominative case a MAG he likes me too but we can see it in the accusative version if we replace D budha with a pronoun I like him just like in English however not all of the pronouns change from one case to another all of the Z's remain Z and S remains s in the accusative when this happens it is occasionally relevant to rely on word order to tell us which of the pronouns is the subject and which is the object zal s she buys it s Cal Z it buys her the first one obviously makes more sense but because Z and S don't change between nominative and accusative cases word order has to tell us which one is the subject now that we have the general idea out of the way let's look at our handy dandy personal pronouns chart to see which pronouns change and how they change as well as seeing which ones don't change in this chart here we can see I and me i and m is used when it's the subject m is used when it's the object in English we don't change between you and you based on if it's the subject or the object but in German we do change from do to I already mentioned a changes to in the same way that he changes to him a z as I mentioned and S both stay the same z z s s via changes to un we change to us via VI again U doesn't change in English but in German changes to O and again the other Z's don't change either so we still have Z and Z one cool trick that you might want to know about is that if you look at the last letter of all of the nominative case pronouns and the accusative case pronouns for the a z s and the plural Z forms they all align themselves with the darew endings so we have de and a in goes with de those two have the same letters at the end Z always stays Z but that's also the case for the Dare word where we have D staying as D in the accusative if you follow this along you can use this in the dative case as well this pattern still holds up here are a few more stilted examples of how to use these pronouns I like you do you like me Z she likes him he doesn't like her I like it we like you mer do you like us deer mer Z the children like them dund M the customers like you now let's look at some real life examples and how you might use these in conversation goodas H Leon englisher for for for [Music] for for fore forsht [Music] Karen is their manager been their man today I'm going to show you the accusative prepositions in German and teach you how to use them in your own sentences by the time that this video ends you will be able to wow your German friends with your use of the accusative prepositions Gan Ona bis and enang prepositions are little words that you put in front of nouns or pronouns to give more context to the sentence at hand there are a ton of prepositions in German but only a few take the accusative case technically there are eight but some are more important than others first on our list is f it looks and sounds a lot like the English preposition four it is often used in a similar context but not always for example I am buying a gift for my mother he works for my father Z she is buying these shoes for Carol wants to be young forever if the word Das is needed after f it is often shortened down to just f for example I am buying the tickets for the concert my parents are spending €20 for the bicycle the tricky part about using F isn't knowing what it means and how to use it the problem is knowing when not to use it there are a lot of occasions that English native speakers are tempted to use f because the English word would be for that is not always a good assumption you can use f when referring to time but more than likely you mean to say something with the preposition Zite if you want to use f followed by a period of time you need to make sure that that period of time has concluded and is no longer continuing on for example I worked at a company in the city for two years I have worked at this company for 2 years after Monday I am not working here anymore if you are stating the purpose or reason for something you don't use f use vean or instead for this reason we will not hire her because of global warming the polar bears are dying house is this house is not for sale if you are talking about a destination use or and not our flight departs for Berlin at 3:00 via we are headed for Grandma's house on Saturday we are driving to Grandma's house on Saturday next up on the list of prepositions is om can best be translated with the preposition around in English this will work most of the time if you're going around something or one thing is around another you will likely need to say in German for example the semi- drives around the car the fairy sprinkles a ring of fairy dust around the animals the cook wraps the cabbage leaf around the meat you can also use with the time of the day to say at that particular time for example I would like to eat at 10:00 school begins at 8:00 you may see followed by an inal clause which includes the word this is used to say in order to for example I am saving money in order to buy a car when um is used in this way it's not a preposition but rather fulfilling the function of a conjunction as it connects one Clause to another our next preposition is this is an easy one as it is translated as through and is almost always used exactly like the English version here are a few examples de the bus drives through the tunnel the tourists are walking through the city henel and grle are walking through the forest in addition to the literal meaning you can also use to mean something like because of for example videos I make better videos because of or through my experiences on YouTube My my desk was broken by the earthquake next on my list of prepositions is gag it is translated with the English word against for example I am against animal experimentation the boy is hitting his head against the wall Min what do you have against my friend the Cardinal and Morgan Gag Deb the Cardinals are playing against the Cubs tomorrow man G my team wins against the evil ones gag can also be used to mean against as an an ailment or a problem I take Aspirin for headaches you can also use the preposition gagan when used with time in this way it means around VI we are driving home around 8:00 the preposition Ona is translated with the English word without it's used almost exactly the same as the English preposition this makes Ona probably one of the easiest prepositions on today's list I can't live without you ketchup fries without ketchup are not fries I don't leave the house without a coat a sees a man without a head kind ofam on one does not learn grammar without examples the prepositions that I have mentioned so far are usually the only ones listed in textbooks that's because they are the most popular ones and also the other ones sometimes require a bit more knowledge about the German language in order to use them properly I'm going to talk about them anyway starting with bis the preposition bis generally means until you may recognize this from farewells such as bisa until later bis Morgan until tomorrow bis Dean until Tuesday Tuesday those all use the preposition B but don't require us to remember that it's using the accusative case when we use it with an adjective however we do have to remember that bis requires the accusative case for example bis next until next week bis next Inon talk until next Thursday bis can also be translated with the English preposition by when it's being used to express a deadline for example you have to do your homework by next Tuesday by next year we will build a house bis cannot be used with an article which is why it's often left off of lists like this one but it can be used with an adjective which is what you saw in my examples these will be used with the same endings as the definite articles in the accusative case n for masculine e for feminine and plural and S for neuter another reason that b is often left off of the accusative prepositions list is that it's often comped with another preposition such as to or in in those instances bis is not in control of the case that you use you look to the other preposition to tell you the case I could make an entire video about B and the combinations of other prepositions that you can use but I'll have to leave that for a different day next on the list of neglected accusative prepositions in German is V not to be confused with v which sounds the same but definitely not the same Vita means against or Contra while Vita means again Vita is similar to gagan but sounds a bit out ofd or elevated for example Kan is rebelling against God the Father film is VA this film is contrary to my expectations one cannot act against nature the last one on my list for today is anang and it comes with a bit of controversy it usually is listed as an accusative preposition but only uses the accusative case when it's used is the postposition when anang is used in front of a noun it requires the genitive case when it's used behind a noun it uses the accusative case duden lists it as a preposition in the accusative case by and even gives a few examples of how one might use it unfortunately these examples are all fragments of sentences and only show the noun and entlang after it this doesn't tell me that this is a postposition it shows me that this is the last word in the sentence and is anang which could just mean that it's a separable prefix in fact duden also lists ANL as a separable prefix and as an adverb you can see this with the infinitive of the verb that's used at the end of the sentence and it is connected to the word such as and many others well however you define this word it can be translated with the English word along as in the following examples VI we are driving along this street we are driving along the street in the second example I use the genitive case because I put before the noun the children are running along the [Music] river fore barbecue sauce for [Music] fore foris for fore for for here wait feminine nouns use the article D what is Dame and why is there an N at the end of the word Kow that's d it's like nominative and accusative on steroids the dative case is used with indirect objects dative prepositions dative verbs and certain phrases sounds complicated lots of people think that but it doesn't have to be over the next several lessons I will teach you all of the things that you need to know about the dative case today we will tackle the dative case as it's used with indirect objects this includes definite and indefinite articles dare words and inwords all right get on with it I'll let you know if you were successful at the end the man gives your mother flowers the man gives your mother a necklace the man gives your mother a kiss and AA your father gives the man a black eye in the first three examples your mom is the indirect object your mom's an indirect object got them what's an indirect object so if you don't already know the nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence that's the person or thing that is doing something in the sentence this is also the person or thing that decides how the verb needs to be conjugated the accusative case is used with direct objects these are the things or people that are being acted upon by the subject of the sentence if you buy something that something is the direct object and in German that's accusative if the direct object goes in the direction of someone or something that someone or something is an indirect object the indirect object receives the direct object the indirect object in German uses the dative case you have probably seen a chart that looks something like this before what I consider to be the Baseline for all cases is the nominative case words forth are called definite articles the only change between nominative and accusative articles occurs with the masculine nouns DEA becomes Dane when we get to the dative case Everything Changes D becomes DEA DEA and D become Dame and the plural D becomes D so feminine is now masculine and masculine and neuter have merged into one super gender and the plural has become the masculine accusative no no no that's not at all what's going on here the genders of nouns while represented by the articles are not the Articles themselves the gender of the noun is determined by the noun itself the article that is put in front of that noun is determined by the gender and the way in which it is used don't think DEA means that it's masculine but rather that masculine nouns when used as the subject of the sentence are represented with the word DEA when the same noun is used in the accusative case it is represented by D when it's used as the indirect object it is represented with deem trust me this is a lot easier than trying to get your brain to handle something like the convoluted way that you're trying to do that gender bender thing whatever that was let let's try an example to start this off we'll use the word deam to keep things simple again I don't mean deam to say that it's always de but that this is the starting point for the way that the Articles change from here on out with the word man de man gate in G the man goes into the grocery store the man is the one doing something in that sentence which makes him the subject and therefore nominative that's why we used DEA D fata man your father hits the man your father is the one doing something in the sentence which makes him the subject and therefore nominative the man is now on the receiving end of the action I.E the verb schlagen to hit in other words the man is being hit this makes him the direct object and therefore accusative that's why we used Dane your father gives the man a black eye your father is still the subject as he's the one doing something the action however is transferred to I'm blow alga a black eye this makes the eye the direct object and therefore accusative the one receiving the direct object is the man this means he is indirectly being acted upon by your father through the direct object this is why we call it an indirect object and it takes the dative case now throughout all of those examples we had the same noun man it went from DEA in the first one to D and then Dame the gender of the noun did not change the article preceding it did can all sentences have an indirect object no not all verbs have the ability to take indirect objects this is due to the action that the verb expresses obviously you can buy or sell someone something give them it or sell them it but you can't be them something or go them something cool cool I think I have it but just in case can I see a few more examples hopefully with a little bit more variety than what you've done so far herum is teaching the doctor German the word for timey wiy stuff in German isik bet you can't say that three times fast H I figured you'd be more of a Matt Smith kind of guy what with the bow ties and such stylistically speaking I like Matt Smith's doctor because you know bow ties are cool but acting and story-wise I prefer David Tennant tells the princess a fairy tale the realtor shows the customer the house the waiter brings the girl an ice cream the teacher asks the student a question [Music] why didn't you just use the verb FR in that [Music] sentence that's a bit redundant the teacher assigns the students a term paper hi stop where did the N at the end of schula come from the word Shula is already plural you don't have to double pluralize it do you no the N at the end there is indicating that it's plural dative most of the time this will happen with plural nouns in the dative case if the noun already ends with n or an s in the plural form then you don't add an N to the end of it with the dative case my my sister tells the police officer the truth wait why did poit suddenly get two extra letters I understand that the plural of poist is pistan but but you just said Dame postan which means it's masculine and not plural so what's up with that have you heard of weak nouns before these are certain nouns that simply Take N or en when they're used in any case that is not nominative poist is on that list if you want a better list of them I have that built into to my accusative dative and genitive case master classes which you can find Linked In the description for a few more examples however here are a few more popular ones dear NE neph dear held Helen dear hair de Nam and a bunch more are they all masculine yep well at least that part's simple I get the dare words now what happens with the inwords the data case is the first case that you learn about that uses the same endings for all of the definite and indefinite articles by that I mean that the masculine and neuter ones end in m feminine is now R and plural is an N the judge sends a witness a the expert cooks or is cooking a spy an egg Laura loans my father the [Music] Hat my children tell a girl jokes sopia Sophia writes her grandparents letters I think I'm starting to get the hang of this is there anything else that I should know just a quick reminder don't forget that there are other words that act like definite articles by that I mean they use the same endings like daa Y and V for example my mother gives every child a piece of chocolate the man is selling this woman a necklace also the possessive articles such as mine dine and so on those use the same endings as the indefinite articles and the negative word kind follows the same pattern for example my brother is buying Our Father a golf club his girlfriend is giving her daughter a bicycle great I think I'm good for today that was surprisingly painless [Music] [Music] ah okay here is fans ah fore here for okay f dative pronouns in German are super easy once you get to know how to use the dative case with indirect objects using personal pronouns in the dative case with indirect objects is a breeze yeah sure I'll be the judge of that for once H might actually be right today's lesson will expand upon that by showing you the personal pronouns that you need to use in the dative case in case you don't know the pronouns that you see in conjugation charts like this one are called nominative personal pronouns or subject pronouns that's because they are used as the subject of the sentence just as the nominative case definite articles were used as the Baseline for all definite articles in other cases we'll be using this list of pronouns to start talking about dative case pronouns when you use a pronoun as an indirect object you need to use one of the dative pronouns the one that you choose depends on the noun that you replacing for instance I am buying my father a golf [Music] club Goga I am buying him a golf club I use the masculine pronoun in the data case IM when I replace the indirect object Min fata if the noun being replaced is a feminine noun we use if it is neuter we use IM and when it's plural we use en for example bluma he gives his sister a [Music] flowera he gives her a [Music] flower are you telling the girl a story are you telling her a story We are giving our children clothing as a gift via shenen en we are giving them clothing as a gift the cool thing about these pronouns is that they always match the last letter of the article since the DAT of Articles have the same endings for definite and indefinite articles you can always count on the DAT of article telling you the correct pronoun for the situation notice that when I said f I replaced it with with with and with enan obviously you won't always be able to use the third person pronouns for the indirect object occasionally you will need a second person you or a first person I or we pronoun instead in those instances you need to remember which pronouns mean what the dative me form is M the dative version of do the U singular is Dia and when the U plural is dative it becomes give me the dinosaur I'm not giving you the dinosaur it's my dinosaur Gio give him the dinosaur n no he's already got a dinosaur then I will take the dinosaurs away from you now that you know what the personal pronouns are in the dative case you can make a chart like this one if you're one of those students who likes charts becomes m in the accusative and Mia in the dative do becomes DH in the accusative and Dia in the dative a becomes in the accusative and in the dative Z stays Z in the accusative but becomes I in the dative S remains s in the accusative but becomes IM in the dative Via becomes in both accusative and dative becomes o in both accusative and dative the two Z at the bottom of the chart both they and you stay Z in the accusative case but they both become enin in the dative case don't forget to capitalize enin when it's being used as the formal U now that you know what the pronouns are in the three cases you can follow the pronouns in the examples as I switch between nominative accusative and dative I am you can call me her Anum until you give me a better nickname [Music] you are beautiful I like you can I buy you a coffee he is called Tim my grandmother made him she also made him these clothes Barbie Barbie has a birthday today I bought her three years ago today today I am giving her a new [Music] dress this is my little horse I lead it into the horse stable then I give it hey VI about we are dinosaurs a meteorite killed us people built us many museums vide you would like to learn German I know you therefore I make you a few YouTube videos they are sitting on the sofa the man on TV is entertaining them I am cooking them soup for dinner [Music] okay fore fored for feel house for for for okay acetaminofen um hydrocodone oxycodon fore f [Laughter] if you like these lessons but wish there was a way for you to practice what you're learning check out the book that goes with this course called Elementary German with hair Anum it's available on my website German withth an.com or on Amazon both are linked in the description Hello deut lner in this video I will explain pretty much every every dative verb you will ever come across these are German verbs that for some reason or another require a dative object similar to the data phrases that I talked about a couple weeks ago these verbs ignore normal logic for choosing the object case and instead of the accusative they use the dative I'll start with a brief overview of why most of these verbs use the dative case with their objects instead of the accusative case and then I'll explain some examples of each of these dative verbs normally when a verb has a direct object object that object is used with the accusative case when the direct object is directed towards another object that second object is called the indirect object and uses the dative case most of the time the indirect object will be a person this leads us to the DAT of verbs a lot of the time these verbs sort of imply the direct object this is done because the verb takes the place of the direct object it shows that the thing given is the noun version of the verb for example this happens with verbs like like an Von to answer when you answer someone you are giving them an answer this makes them the indirect object of the sentence and therefore dative he gives me the answer he answers me with the verb Heen you are giving someone help again the person is then used in the dative case I am giving my father help I am helping my father keep in mind that the versions of the sentences I just gave using the verb gin are not considered the standarded way to express what we are saying I'm simply showing you these versions so you see how the direct object was dissolved into the verb it's grammatically correct to use either version but the versions using the verb Heen or anven are definitely more popular this logic helps to explain some of the most annoying dative verbs for English speakers such as galin to like take a look at this example I like these shoes the number one complaint about this verb is that the subject and the object are opposites between the two languages if you use the thought process that I've outlined so far however you can see that the dative verb galin actually means that the subject gives the indirect object pleasure these shoes give me joyia these shoes are pleasing to me I like these shoes while this kind of logic works for quite a few data verbs you will have a problem stretching this kind of logic to work with other data verbs Anon to resemble for example doesn't follow this logic you can't give someone resemblance and even if you could it would be used in the opposite direction of what the German verb means you might be better off rewording things to say he casts a resemblance to someone this logic makes sense for verbs like Anon Anon to resemble Mr Anum really resembles his father there are a few other odd ones that don't really fit any logical category that I've explained so far this would include verbs like beagan to meet someone by chance this verb is confusing on a few levels first of all it uses Z in the pect tense which shows you that the verb is more closely related to the English phrase to bump into someone secondly if you watch my video about the pect link over here if you want want to see that or in the description you would know that the verbs with direct objects don't use Z in the pect this actually explains why we need the dative case here it isn't that you were meeting them that would be Tren you were going somewhere and you happen upon them you meet to them therefore dative to meet someone by chance DEET the thief met the police officer before now that we have the general idea out of the way we can get to some examples this video does not include all of the data verbs in the entire German language but it does include a very large number of them some would say the largest number of them it's huge tremendous bigly number of verbs you've never seen before so big believe me it's true Aunt Von to answer z his wife doesn't answer him to stand out to make an impression he didn't notice the dog poo on his shoe the president evaded all of the questions buen to order or command the teacher commands the student to do his work to stand by or support his mother stands by him in difficult times to thank the customer thanks the waiter to serve this letter serves as your last warning dren to threaten de the robber threatens the bank teller with a knife to come to mind to think of something it just came to me that we have to go shopping and to reply retort or counter I would like to counter you that you aren't actually correct to allow or permit we allow our children to stay up the entire night to appear your mother appears to be very nice to me faen to be missing words fail me to describe my love for my wife to follow the dog follows the cat the child obeys his parents to belong to this hat belongs to me to succeed my brother was success in finding a new job to suffice to be enough only one scoop of ice cream is not enough for me G to happen or occur what happened to the man after he ate the cake to believe GL you have to believe me please believe me to closely [Music] resemble his new girlfriend closely resembles his old one to succeed to work out the plan succeeded for him to congratulate her mother congratulates her for her birthday to [Music] help how can I help you to EES drop or listen in the child Eaves drops on his parents as they argue or fight to taste good I hope that this soup tastes good to you to fit my new hat doesn't fit me to [Music] happen what happened to you El again the teacher advised his students to do their work on time shad to damage to do [Music] harm hard work doesn't hurt anyone to taste good you didn't eat the fish doesn't it taste good to you to flatter this dress does not flatter your mother to approach to draw near to the robber approaches the bank a quick side note here this one may not seem like a traditional data verb as it also includes a reflexive pronoun some would say that the reflexive pronoun is simply taking the accusative Spot while the other object takes the dative case this logic doesn't quite fit however when a reflexive pronoun is used with another object the object is accusative and the reflexive pronoun is dative you can't simply switch this because you feel like it this is not being switched here the reflexive pronoun and the dative object are working together but separate when you use naon with a reflexive it means that the person or thing is moving towards another person or thing on their own accord the robber in that sentence is moving himself forward as I mentioned at the beginning of this video dative verbs often show that the verb is being directed at a person or thing that is what what going on here is the reason that this verb is considered a dative verb even though it's got an accusative object to trust house doesn't trust his patient to trust to confide in to rely on I don't trust him to yield to make way for the the car make way for the ambulance to contradict or gain no one will contradict the Boss V to wave Anum waves goodbye to you f for thas for for for North by Northwest yeah today we're focusing on the prepositions that always require the dative case conveniently called dative prepositions those are the prepositions that are always used with the dative case if you need a way to remember them simply sing in alphabetical order to the tune [Music] [Music] of now I'll explain what they all mean and how you can use them each a means out of or from it's used to show that something was in something else and is now no longer this is different than fun which also means from and is also on our list for today but I'll explain that in a bit for now I'll show you a few examples of how to use as I am from the United States I come from the USA I was once in the United States that's my place of origin now I'm expressing that I came out of that place with the preposition house and you can't say this while being in the United States because then you would say I am from here as you're currently still there no exit had ever occurred my grandma gets me chocolate from the drawer the chocolate was in the drawer and now it's outside therefore we used VI we are driving out of town today we are currently in the city and we'll be going away from there therefore we used van when do you get out of school we were in school we're asking when you're going to leave so we use fun can also be translated as from but unlike it is not used for things that were once inside of something else but rather that it's just in a different place than before it is from there fun points in the direction where something was two is the opposite and points in the direction where something will be Becca I am coming from the bakery fun points in the direction of the bakery from where is coming also it's important to note that f is a sort of contraction of fun and Dame which means if you're trying to use an adjective after that you need to use the ones that are normally behind definite articles I am going to the bakery points in the direction to where is going notice again that we have a contraction this time with t and in this sentence I am supposed to get a letter from my pen pal tomorrow if I use in this sentence instead of f it would mean that the letter was once inside of your pen palan since that's not what we mean we use we are driving from our house to your house this sentence is a bit more difficult for some to understand why we used F instead of the simplest way that I explain it is that you went from inside the house to outside the house but you weren't driving then the part explained by this sentence is the driving from outside of one house to the outside of another this means that you can use both in the same sentence both as and fun to give a bit more depth to the sentence Dynam house we are walking out of the house and driving from our house to your house give me a piece from the cake please or give me a piece of the cake please this sentence is actually a good transition example from the translation from to the other translation of fun of it could be translated as a piece from the cake or a piece of the cake that's because the word fun sometimes carries with it the idea of being part of a whole and they can also be used to show possession this again goes back to the fact that it points where something was it is from that or of that for example the following sentences are examples of the German word her Anum tells of a dragon with Red Wings there are also a plethora of phrases in which use the preposition fun in those sentences the translation varies between the two options that I've given you so far this is when it's most helpful to use the definition that I first saw on the German is easy blog aty daily.com fun shows a point of origin without expressing any form of exiting I like this definition as it shows a more precise definition that doesn't leave any ambiguity ASA translates as except or besides I sometimes use the translation in addition to it isn't nearly as common as or fun but it is a dative preposition so here it is in some examples besides or in addition to my father my mother is also coming to the game I am eating my entire lunch except this asparagus by is a bit difficult for some German Learners as it translates as a bunch of different words that already have prepositions assigned to them some translated as with but MIT exists some translated as near but the word na also exists I generally translate it as at but that has a bunch of issues as well the bottom line is that by shows a static location you can use it with stores work people's houses as long as it's not your own and parties just to name a few here are a few examples so you get the idea by Aldi I am buying groceries at Aldi let's get something straight real quick it is not Aldi Aldi is not a dude's name unlike Kohl's or McDonald and other stores and restaurants and companies that were derived from people's names Aldi is short for Al the family name discount the word for Discount the Family's last name is not discount so please for the love of God stop saying Alis and rant there is a party at my friend Paul's house this evening my brother is currently at work and can't come to the phone you can also use bu with online places and sources of information for example by Fox News my father gets all his news on or at or from Fox News by Facebook has a fan page on Facebook MIT is an easy one it means with and is used exactly the same as the English as I mentioned before the most difficult part of this preposition is deciding when to use by and when to use M when you mean with in English the easy answer is that MIT does not describe a location but rather a connection whereas by will always show a locationa I live with my brother I live in the same place as my brother aona by I live with my brother I live at my brother's house the sentence with M indicates that both are equal I.E the home belongs to both the other sentence indicates that the brother is either a tenant or owns the house and he sets the rules he is finished with his work he is at work we play chess with our children by we play Chess at our children's House can also mean at the only instance when this translates as at however is at home I am at home for the next 2 weeks in all other instances the translation of T is to generally speaking this is used to express going in the direction of something there are other prepositions that do this however so it's important to remember that when you use Su you use it when you would Place fun when leaving if you use the preposition in when you entered you would use when you exit I am driving to the bank I am coming home from the bank my brother is going to a friend's house my brother will soon come home from his friend's house now can also mean two it's used with cities Villages states countries and directions on a compass and as you just saw N means going in the direction of your own home in the summer I would like to fly to my parents are driving to Germany go north until you find the restaurant you can also use n to express after as in with time or an event after 3:00 I don't work anymore after the film we are going out to eat Z is very similar but translates as since the main difference is that n indicates that some event occurred after another but Z indicates that whatever the second action is continued for some time after that since my birth I have been called her Anum film the children have been sleeping since the film there hasn't been any good music since the 90s wow [Music] hello your inch cool cool good AO Pizer mman [Music] for for [Music] for for ories for [Music] for I am cold why is that dative is are you not well don't you feel well why is that dative as to me light I'm sorry what is going on here why are all of these sentences used with the dative case there are a number of German phrases that use the dative case but aren't immediately obvious as to why that is today we'll be exploring some of these dative phrases and I'll explain why they use the dative case let's start with some pretty common examples of these so-called dative phrases that use temperatures this could be any of the following c v or he when you mean to say that the temperature is one of these adjectives in German in relation to a person you use this with the dative object de man is the man is hot it is hot to the man is V she is warm it is warm to her IM is cool he is cool cool it is cool to him is we are cold it is cold to us that's all well and good but why is it dative to understand this we have to expand our understanding of the dative case the dative case is usually explained as the indirect object case which is normally true but it's also a Dumping Ground for leftovers of grammatical Nuance really it's the only case that we can use in these sentences that expresses what we want to say if we use the nominative case here we have a whole slew of problems deam is T the man is hot saying this with the nominative case indicates that the man is hot as in sexy while this may be true it's not what we're trying to express in this video so the nominative case is out let's try it with the accusative case Dan man is T the man is hot this is simply nonsense it doesn't work the accusative case is reserved for a very specific kind of object which requires a subject that is acting upon that object using a verb that has a direct action being performed on the accusative object this again is not what we are trying to express the only case left is the genitive case which is used with possession when it isn't being forced by a preposition or a verb that's out because we clearly don't have possession here this just leaves us with the dative case when we defined an indefinite article we said that it was to whom or for whom something is done this sentence fits that criteria man it is hot to the man this sentence is a longer overly grammatical version of De man is he it doesn't use the word s in a normal conversation and the man has been put in the place where the subject s normally would have been this brings us to the point that we can figure out what is going on in all of these sentences that require the DAT of case but don't seem to have any logic as to why every one of these sentences are going to describe an attribute of something but not the person involved it is an attribute that affects the person but is not their own attribute since the nominative case would indicate that this description applies to the subject this often leads to the meaning of the sentence not being what you had intended such as in the previous example Dean is T the man is hot or sexy the other temperatures also have issues like this is my mother is cold this means she is emotionally El she may be callous the other option is that she is literally physically cold meaning her body temperature has dropped which generally means that she's dead it's for this reason that you can use the phrase as a euphemism for killing someone when I see Jimmy again I'mma kill him when you say V with the nominative case you might get a strange look I'm gay at best people will simply understand that you don't know what you're saying and chalk it up to a language learning error at worst people might think that you're gay while that's not the worst language learning error that you could make it isn't what we're trying to say here quick side note here using the word vom to describe homosexuals is really outdated almost no one uses this anymore even when it was used the phrase V I'm gay wasn't nearly as widely used as the phrase I am a gay man and it was considered derogatory even back then and for those of you who are thinking it would be funny to use this to call your friends gay gay is not an insult long story short don't say it don't use it use the dative instead Mia is I am warm IM is V he is warm is V the woman is [Music] warm this book is not particularly interesting to the students it isn't that the students are interesting or that they are this book the book isn't objectively uninteresting it is only uninteresting in relation to the students therefore we have to use the dative case the pimple is very embarrassing to the boy the pimple can't be embarrassed the boy can be but he isn't the one that is embarrassing it is the pimple that is embarrassing but again it isn't embarrassing to everyone objectively it is only embarrassing in relation to the boy so we use the dative case is this restaurant is completely unknown to him he doesn't know this restaurant at all obviously the restaurant isn't completely unknown if it were it would be out of business it is only completely unknown in relation to him so we use the DAT of case hopefully by now you get the idea but you might still have some questions about what other kinds of sentences you can use this with so here are some more examples the patients are very thankful to the [Music] doctor the math assignments are easy to me the truth is important to the judge flying is impossible to me V my new office chair is so comfortable to [Music] me that's probably enough for you today is for oh oh Hobbies hobbi F Xbox wow for action golf tennis feder ball nets ball ice hockey F hockey volleyball Tish tennis handball sash Cricket baseball Jud karate row for [Music] how do I know if a two-way preposition uses accusative or dative simple if the prepositional phrase indicates motion you use accusative if not use dative so for example means I walked on the sidewalk the verb laen is a motion verb as you taught us which means there is motion in the sentence so we use the accusative case right no you mean to say but the perfect uses Z when there is motion so I use Z and the accusative case is used with the two-way prepositions when there is motion so I used accusative what you said is that you walked from the street or somewhere else onto the sidewalk okay but is motion so I say no okay this is really confusing maybe the problem is the motion verb let's try this with a non-motion verb no mo in the verb so we used hin and therefore no Motion in the prepositional phrase so we used dative no you use the accusative because there's motion so why don't we use Z in the pect that's just the way German Works no it isn't if the pect tense is used with Z when there is motion and two-way prepositions or Vex are accusative when there is motion why do you almost always use the accusative case with Vex when you use Hab as your helping verb in the perect there are times when the present perfect tense is used with the form of Z which according to your German teacher means that there is motion but the two-way preposition in that same sentence uses the dative case because there's no motion huh what get ready because I am going to blow your mind the first problem was cleared up last week the rule is not Motion versus non motion but rather transitive versus intransitive the problem this week is similar it's not about motion it's about change of location or lack thereof let's take a look at the following examples I drove on the autoban or Interstate or Highway versus I drove onto the autoban Interstate or Highway in the first sentence we were driving which is intransitive verb because we don't have a direct object so we use Z but we're not changing location throughout this sentence I am on the autoban at the beginning and in the end of the sentence I'm still on the autoban in the second sentence we use the verb Z because there's still no direct object but the action of the sentence moves me from not being on the autoban to being on the autoban this change of location forces me to use the accusative case so the question we must ask ourselves is not necessarily directly related to the verb our question is whether or not the location described within the prepositional phrase is indicating a change in location or a constant location ask not if your verb is motion or non-motion but if your preposition is expressing a change in location or imin I am swimming in the swimming pool in this sentence the location of the action does not change if you were to write this sentence with the accusative case it would mean that you can swim on land and you're swimming into the pool which is ridiculous unless you're cheuck Norris now let's take a look at the commonly used verbs that your teacher probably told you require the use of the accusative or dative case as the case may be pun intended your teacher likely gave you examples like this I sat myself down on the chair I sat on the chair in the first one I was not sitting but now I am the change is indicated in the prepositional phrase with the accusative case the second sentence shows you that I am already sitting in that position which means I did not change location so we use the dative case to indicate that the location does not change throughout the sentence he put the book on the bookshelf the book stood on the Shelf we laid the papers onto the table the papers lay on the table fun fact of the day the difference between Le and lie and lean and lean are the exact same difference in English as it is in German Le is a transitive verb which requires a direct object it's the same as lean Li is an intransitive verb which will not use a direct object it's the same as lean aha I caught you if intransitive verbs require Z in the perfect and lean is an intransitive verb as you just said why doesn't Lian take Z in the perect no no don't answer that I know already it's a non-motion verb which is why it really needs hobin I was right nice try but no in Northern Germany where most people consider proper German to come from they do use habin with lean but in southern Germany Austria and Switzerland they use Zion the reason textbooks and other resource materials use hobin is because of this assumption that Northern Germans speak more more correctly than their southern counterparts and also this infestation of the idea that Motion versus non-motion is the deciding factor for helping verbs long story short both are correct back to the two-way prepositions you probably understand the general idea of how to use these by now but let's make things more interesting I laid the piece of paper onto the table in the living room in this sentence we use both the accusative and dative cases with different two-way prepositions the first one indicates a change of location for the piece of paper which means that we need the accusative case but the second one is referring to the location of the table which is not changing so we use the dative case I drove to Chicago with my dog in my car neither the dog nor I are leaving or entering the car during this sentence which is why we use the DAT of case with in minam AO the fact that the car is traveling to Chicago is not relevant for the location indicated in the prepositional phrase in the airplane flew over the cloud the airplane flew over the cloud huh I like sentences like like this because it shows you how precise the German language can be in the first one the airplane was at some point not over the cloud whether this means it started out over the cloud and ended up not over it or some other variation thereof it's not really clear in the second sentence the airplane never leaves the position of being over the cloud my brother hiked in the mountains is my brother hiked into the mountains in the first one we use the dative case because there is no change of location throughout the entire sentence my brother is in the mountains in the second one he started out not in the mountains and ended in the mountains which is a change of location which requires the accusative case set myself down on the table because my chair is already on the table in this sentence I purposefully confused you the verb Hinson is usually used with two-way prepositions using the accusative case but that's because the act of setting oneself down is a change of position from not sitting to sitting in this sentence however the entire action of setting oneself down happens on top of the table as the chair onto which the person is setting themselves is already on the table of course this is an extreme example of how to use the distinction between accusative and dative case but it might help you to see things like this so the next time you're trying to figure out if a Vex uses accusative or dative ask yourself if you are trying to express a change in location with that preposition or not if you are use accusative if not use dative yeah that's what I said accusative with motion dative without yeah but not clearly enough that your students could understand what you were trying to say good Mor hello Felix fores foree fore so cool h Che good morning Lou V [Music] Gates Berlin Hamburg Hanover heidleberg Kart m is co in for take these lessons off of your screen and into your home when you purchase Elementary German with hair Anum you can practice what you're learning with worksheets and answer keys listen to the lessons whenever you want with the MP3 downloads and a whole lot more this is my book is the book belongs to me and therefore I use the possessive adjective that describes the book in such a way in German we use these in a very similar way and and they follow a similar pattern to those in English but the main difference of course is that German has genders and cases this means that we have to use the correct endings on our possessive adjectives in German to make sure that they follow the gender and case rules before we get too deep into this topic we need to clear up a bit of confusion around the terminology in English possessive pronouns are the words that show possession but do not have a noun behind them for example mine yours hers Etc a possessive adjective however is the one that is exclusively used with a noun for example my book your car her shoe Etc in German the word possessive pronome would literally translate as possessive pronouns in English the German word possessive pronom however refers to both possessive word categories that we have in English called possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives this is why you will occasionally find references online to something called posessive article these words are specifically the ones that are used in front of nouns which excludes the ones that can stand on their own that's the topic of today I'm not talking about pure posessive but rather the subcategory of posessive Pome sometimes called posessive article first let's start with the base of all possessive adjectives you are already aware that there are nine personal pronouns in the nominative case in German do a z s via i z and Z each of these pronouns have a corresponding possessive adjective that is used to indicate the owner or the one in possession of an object for example if I owns something we use mine if do owns something we use D to illustrate this further and to introduce you to all of the possessive adjectives here are a few examples is I have a brother this is my brother dova isva you have a sister this is your sister quick side note the e at the end of dine is used to indicate that the shva is a feminine noun just like you would if you said a sister AA shva these endings will change based on the case and gender of the noun you may notice that in the first example I didn't have an ending on mine at all I simply said mine Buddha that's because Buddha is a masculine noun and is used in the nominative case in that sentence if I said a brother instead of my brother in that sentence it would be now back to the examples he has two cousins these are his cousins Z is Uncle she has an uncle this is her uncle s it has a m this is its M we have an apartment this is our apartment you have a house this is your house they have a boat this is their boat Z ISAT you have a boat this is your boat side note number two you probably notice that there are three possessive adjectives spelled I HR the possessive for feminine singular third person is I the possessive for plural third person is I and the possessive for singular or plural in the second person formal is the only one that is even remotely different is the formal one as it is capitalized I personally find this to be helpful as you can simply remember if I would use Z as a pronoun in the nominative case for this person or thing I would use e to show that this possesses something it doesn't matter if it's her there or your they are all going to use the German possessive adjective another one that is duplicated is his and its they both are translated with Z in German so our full list of possessive adjectives is mine d z z o I always put them in this order if you're going to use a chart as this is the same order that you would use for personal pronouns such as do Etc and this kind of continuity is helpful when you're using this as a frame of reference now for the part about the endings if you remember my video about the dative case you'll recall the inword and their endings these are all essentially in and most of the time you're going to add a letter or two after that as a quick reminder that chart looked like this I also mentioned in that other video that I put K in parenthesis in front of in in the plural forms this is to indicate that you can't usea or in the plural but you can use other things that act like inword such as kind the negated one or possessive adjectives on today's list that's exactly what we are going to do now instead of looking at this chart as in plus an ending use the possessive adjective as the base and then add those same letters that you would to an in word to match the case and gender here's a more concrete example of what I mean Das is Bud this is my brother the possessive adjective is mine I did not add any letters to the end of that because it's used in the nominative case and budha is a masculine noun Z Min bua she likes my brother the possessive adjective here is still mine but this time I added e n to the end of it to show that this is accusative masculine as budha is the direct object of the sentence and therefore accusative zgate M Mina Ino she is going to the movies with my brother again the possessive article is mine since MIT is a preposition that requires the dative case I use the dative masculine form em viewing the chart like this makes it so that you can substitute in whatever word you want to say with the ending that matches the case and gender of the noun if you want to say a or an simply use in plus these endings if you want to say my use mine plus those endings you can continue this for all of the other possessive adjectives as well there is one little odd thing that you should be aware of when you say y's or the plural informal U and the possessive Oya you will remove the E before the r if there is any ending whatsoever after the R so instead of you say instead of you say it isn't just when speaking you also write all of the versions with Oya that have an ending after them without the e before the r something similar happens with un instead of un you'll often hear un while this is very common in speaking it is not considered correct to remove those e in the various versions of unaa when you're writing the bottom line when speaking removing the extra e is okay for both unaa and Oya when there's an ending keeping the extra e is only acceptable in the forms of un when writing only remove the extra e with the forms of Oya plus an ending all of those forms of unaa should be written with the e in front of the r let's take a look at a few more examples to make sure that you get the concept after that I'll give you an opportunity to try it out on your own since it's more memorable when you have something to watch I'll do these examples as a short skit based on real conversations I have in class Gooden Morgan Sha for [Music] [Music] okay for in yeah all right now that you know the daily frustrations of a high school teacher let's get into the interactive portion of today's lesson on the screen you will see 10 sentences each of them is missing a possessive adjective I gave you the English translation in parenthesis so that you can start by Translating that then you have to choose the correct ending based on the case and gender of the noun after the possessive ad objective write your answers in the comments in is is for B for for Berlin City tour welcome welcome card for [Music] for for by Hotel an in Jenny hello here is isus for for feel okay okay Fred forstein V cartoon Foria Avenue Washington DC usedin for telephone frein AOL okay for okay okay okay fore Che hey fin for for [Music] for for ree sky is for for for [Music] n for fore next for ban did you pick up on the pattern for creating the perect tense in German this video is meant to be an introduction to the perect tense and kind of get your feet wet with speaking about things that happened in the past in German in my next several videos I'll explain in detail how to form the pect tense with both regular and irregular verbs plus when to use it and when to avoid it today I'm going to explain a little bit about the pect tense how to form it how the regular verbs work and when to use it first let's talk about the purpose of the pect tense the pect tense is primarily used when speaking in German about events or actions that occurred in the past it is commonly used in emails and letters as well the actions described in the pect tense however must be completed and not continue into the present if an event continues into the present tense in German we use the Pres for that the PA effect tense however is only used for things that have already happened and are done there's often a lot of confusion online around the translation of the pect tense because in English we have a thing called the present perfect tense the word perfect and the fact that you form the present perfect in a very similar way to what you do with the pect tense contributes to the idea that people call the pect tense just the German present perfect tense the problem is that the use of the present perfect tense in English is completely different from that of the pect tense in German I often get questions in the comments asking why I didn't use the English present perfect tense to translate the German perfect tense in English when we say something in the present perfect tense we mean that that action is continuing on into the present which as I already mentioned requires the presence in German and not the perfect the better translation from the German perfect into English is the English simple past for this reason you'll see me use the English simple past as a translation for each sentence in this video now that we know when to use the pect let's let's get into the creation of the perfect tense the perect tense requires two parts the first being a helping verb this tense uses either habin or Z as a helping verb and then you conjugate them just like you would if you were using them in the present tense which is likely the only way that you've encountered these verb so far in your German learning traditionally German teachers have said that you use Z as a helping verb when the main verb shows that there is motion or change in location but this causes some confusion when you get to the words like Z and blin which both use design as a Helper but clearly don't mean to show motion or change in location I've argued in the past for the terminology of transitive and intransitive verbs transitive verbs are those that require or often take direct objects and therefore would have habin as their helping verb intransitive verbs don't get direct objects and use Z as their helping verb this does require the students to remember what those terms mean but it explains Z and blin better than the Motion versus non-motion method unfortunately this causes other issues as verbs that have to do with your body and a whole lot of other verbs that don't have direct objects still use habin as the helper so now in my classes I teach a kind of hybrid methodology use Motion versus non-motion as your main method but remember that certain intransitive verbs Z and blin require the use of Z without motion also if you use a verb of motion with a direct object you still need habin instead of Z as the helper this is due to the fact that you change the verb into a transitive verb which requires habin verbs like ryen to travel Von to hike fle to fly and faren to drive use Z in the perect tense but the verbs fle and faren can use haben if you have a direct object for example if you're flying a plane or driving a car if you say that using the plane or the car as the direct object you need haban as the helping verb since those verbs are both irregular verbs I'll show you examples of those in in the next video verbs like Hab to have to do to worken to speak photograph to photograph and many more use Hab as their helping verb most of these are due to the fact that they have direct objects but many of them rely on the non-motion verb rule abiton for example generally doesn't have a direct object but it does have the verb habin in the pect tense the second component of the perect tense is what is known as either the past participle or in German a PO regular verbs show a very distinct pattern and are easy to figure out just by looking at the infinitive of the verb irregular verbs however don't follow such clean patterns so I'm saving those for the next video to form the potty spy of a regular verb start by removing the e n from the end of the infinitive to reveal the verb stem for example the verb stem of M would be Mah now we add G to the front and T to the end of the verb this gives us M as the part of M since m is not a motion verb and it's a transitive verb we use Hab as the helper here's an example of Mah in the perfect tense what did you do this weekend as you can see in this example I conjugated the verb haben to go with do which gave me Hast I put Hast where the conjugated verb usually goes in this case right after the question word vas the parti is at the end of the sentence right before the punctuation let's try another regular verb infinitive I traveled to Germany in the summer this time I used Z as a helping verb because the verb ryen means to travel and obviously shows motion or change in location it also doesn't have a direct object which makes it an intransitive verb since both r tools point to Z we use Z as the helping verb I put Z where the conjugated verb goes which since this is a statement is directly behind the subject of the of is which I put at the end of the sentence the verbs anden are regular verbs which is why they get G added to the front and a t to the end when making the PTI other verbs do something similar but not quite exactly the same there are a few extra rules that we need to know before we can claim to be master of all of the regular verbs of the paic tense rule number one verb stems that have t or d require an added e between the stem and the final T of the this also happens when there is a cluster of consonants that would make it difficult to pronounce without the additional e for example infinitive my father worked at this company for 20 years infini the mother talked with the teacher INF we breathed deeply rule number two if a verb has a separable prefix the requires the G between the prefix and the rest of the verb for example infin I woke up in the middle of the night in the teacher introduced the new student to the children infinitive didn't you listen to me rule number three if a verb has an Inseparable prefix the PTI does not add G to the beginning for example his father told him a story every night infini she tried to bake a cake INF we agreed not to argue in front of the children anymore rule number four if a verb ends with i e n or there is no G added to the front of the fun fact every single one of these and I do mean every verb that ends with i e re n is regular every time in every tense the dog fetched balls for almost an hour infinitive as a child I photographed almost everything infini and her brother studied chemistry at the University I mentioned earlier that the PA effect tense is usually used when speaking what I didn't mention is the use of habin or Z since habin uses habin as a helping verb in the PA tense and Z uses Z it's often considered redundant to use these verbs in this tense most people will just use the prum tense of these two verbs when speaking instead of using the perect tense while you will often read online that the two versions of Harin and z perect and prom can be used interchangeably in practice this really isn't the case it's another instance of native speakers overlooking a pattern because it's become too familiar to them pay attention to the following examples I was in the club and my exgirlfriend was there too the first half was written in the Prat tense as it was continuing action in the past it sort of sets the stage for when the second action occurred the second half is the action that is done or complete let's switch the sentence around and see what happens I was in the club and my ex-girlfriend was there too in this version the presence of the ex-girlfriend sets the time when everything else happens and the first half of the sentence shows what happened during that time frame the bottom line the perfect tense is a completed action while prom or simple past is an ongoing action occurring within the past in practice most people don't see a distinction because the difference is so subtle the real difference is when speaking the pect tense is more common and when writing the pratum is more common the pratum is also often used with modal verbs duen kin mgen missen zolen and volen but this has to do with the additional verb that would be used with the modal verb since the modal verbs are often paired with another verb to convey the desired meaning it just gets kind of messy with the PA tense if you don't have an additional verb with the modal verb however the PA tense is used most of the modal verbs are used as a sort of regular verb in the PA tense with one notable change I say sort of regular because the ones with umls will lose the umlout in the pect tense but otherwise they're just regular there's also the verb mgan which is irregular and uses the here are a few examples using modal verbs in the perfect tense my sister comes home at 3:00 in the morning I wasn't allowed to do that I liked this film I didn't want this drink as I mentioned the use of mod verbs in the PA tense is pretty rare if you want to learn about how to use the past tense of modal verbs I have an excellent post on my website about that which I have Linked In the [Music] description for for for this p kilog for okaye regular verbs as I mentioned in my previous video generally add G to the front of the verb and T to the end of the stem changing verbs like into their version irregular verbs have a g at the beginning most of the time as well and will only remove the GE in the same situations that regular verbs did so verbs with Inseparable prefixes the ending for irregular verbs however is not always a t sometimes you add e n to the end of the stem Instead This is most prominent in the irregular verbs that look basically like the infinitive with G slapped in front for [Music] example I am baking a cake I Bak the cake quick reminder don't forget that verbs with separable prefixes will use the G between the verb stem and the separable prefix he is inviting your mother to dinner he invited your mother to dinner the game starts at 3 the game started at 3 I don't sleep well at night I didn't sleep well at nighto we are seeing your brother at the movie theater we saw your brother at the movie theater g g his father is giving him a car his father gave him a car far as I mentioned in my last video the verb far can be used with either habin or Z as a helping verb depending on how it's used so today I'll show you both examples are you riding the bus to [Music] school did you ride the bus to school are you driving your father's car to school did you drive your father's car to school Essen gessen this one is slightly different because it adds an extra G between the initial G and the infinitive ESS this is simply to Aid in pronunciation her daughter doesn't eat schnitzel or cutlet her daughter didn't eat schnitzel or cutlet bom bom since there's an Inseparable prefix be there is no G added to the beginning of this one we get a card from our ant every year we got a card from our ant every year in addition to verbs that are essentially the infinitive with GE added to the front there are other irregular verbs that are just weird because they often have stem changes that at first glance seem pretty random for example vecan vomen Fred is taking away my toy Fred took away my toy he gets up around 9 in the morning Mor he got up around 9 in the morning bis gab Charlie Charlie is biting my finger Charlie Charlie bit my finger the children are staying at home today the children stayed at home today g g g are you going shopping today G did you go shopping today I already know that I already knew that uh excuse me har Anum how am I supposed to remember the past tense of verbs if they follow no real Rhyme or Reason it can seem this way at first but but when you take a step back and view a group of verbs together you can often find similarities and patterns the easiest way to recognize these patterns is to include the simple past tense form of these verbs as well along with their infinitive and the P there are many patterns that can be seen when you look at the changes for irregular verbs in German between the infinitive the pr or simple past tense and the which is used to form the perfect tense in this video I'll show you the most common patterns which will help you to learn the past tense forms of German irregular verbs verbs that have eii in their stems in the present tense often switch those two letters to make it I in the past tenses for example B and shiden anded and Sh lion Lee g shinen g g G be careful with this pattern however as there are plenty of regular verbs that have EI in the middle of them and there are also a few irregular exceptions to the rules for example Heen he gisen renit G schneiden schnit gnit verbs that have IE in their infinitive tend to have O's in their past tenses for example B B Gaben beaten B Gaben fle FL of course there are exceptions to that pattern as well most notably Le G if the verb stem has an i in it you'll find two distinct patterns for the past tenses verbs that change to an A in the simple past and O in the perfect tense or verbs that change to an A in the simple past but you in the perfect tense for example beginning be ven wait those last four don't have I in the infinitive what's going on how is that even the same pattern well these verbs are all irregular in the present tense too they have a stem change from E to I becomes becomes and V and V so while they don't have I in the infinitive they do still follow the I AO rule in fact there are several more just like that for [Music] example Goen verbs that change from an i to an A and then a u include funding clang Zing Z TR there is another common pattern for verbs that have i in the stem this changes from I to a in the simple past just like the other ones did but e in the pect tense this often happens with verbs that have a stem change in the present tense unlike our last pattern however this one is not limited to just verbs that change from an e to an I but also from E to i e this Al is the reason that I put lean on this list as it changes from i e to a and then e here are a few examples of this category bitten b g Gab [Music] Lean l Gan F FAS F quick side note here the verb Z can sort of be added to this category as it does change from an i in the present tense to an A in the and an e in the pect but because the stem changes a bit more in the prum than other verbs do I often put this on a list of its own Z ven verbs that have an A in the stem follow several patterns first up is the change from an A to a u in the simple past and back to an A in the perfect here are a few examples of that far fad Gad gashash this group actually belongs to a larger group of verbs whose stems simply change in the prom but then go back to the same vowel in the perect while they aren't always the same vowels in each verb in this category there is an overarching connection to be seen laen Lea G Heen he gofen Reef gofen Fang fing gang hangen Hing gang quick side note here Fang and hangen are technically the same as fangen has a stem change in the present tense making it fked with an out these patterns are great for helping you learn past tense of irregular verbs in German but there are a few verbs that really just don't fit into any particular mold for those you'll simply have to remember them here are a few examples of those g g gang Comm tun Forin yeah go for for parties fore for for for [Music] okay okay for and if you like these lessons but wish there is a way for you to practice what you're learning check out the book that goes with this course called Elementary German with her Anum it's available on my website German withth an.com or on Amazon both are linked in the description hell do reflexive pronouns are words that are used in place of a noun as the direct object or indirect object of a sentence when both the subject and the object are the same person place or thing most of the time these are used with people but it is possible to use them in other circumstances in German they very closely resemble the personal pronouns in the accusative and dative cases with a few small Exceptions there are links in the description to my videos about those two groups of pronouns but I will also review them a bit in this video let's look at an example of a reflexive pronoun in in use so we understand why we need them in the first place he shaves himself this is a pretty basic example there is a subject a and an object Z the subject is shaving the object and the subject and object are the same person okay but why can't we just say he shaves like we would in English why do we have to identify the person or thing being shaven the verb requires an object you can't just shave in German you have to identify the person or object that is being shaven it's just how the verb works okay so why can't you just say he shaves his face the problem here is that we can't be 100% sure that the AA and Z refer to the same person if the person shaving is masculine and the person being shaven is masculine the sentence would be used to describe this situation so I'm using a reflexive pronoun to show that I'm not shaving someone else's face pretty much yeah well how would you say he is shaving his face with the intent that both he and his are referring to the same person he shaves his face why and not well it would be a bit redundant you already identified whose face it is by using the reflexive Z this tells us that the person being shaven is the same as the he in the subject once you have already done that you just need to identify the part of that person that is being shaven which is do that said the sentence is a perfectly normal way of phrasing that same expression you can express it either way but the reflexive pronoun must still be there no matter which version you use now that you've wrapped your brain around the why let's talk about the how if you're familiar with the personal pronouns in German you will know that there are nine of them in each of the nomin ative accusative and dative cases if you know those you already have four of the nine rows in this chart the only thing that changes between the personal pronouns chart and the reflexive pronouns chart is the word Z this word is kind of the de facto reflexive pronoun when people want to illustrate that a verb is being used reflexively they use the pronoun Z to indicate this the pronoun Z is used for all of the third person reflexive forms this follows with the a z s and plural Z forms the formal u z is also used with the pronoun Z this is easily explained by past me for my A1 beginner course video the pronoun that is now used as the formal u in German is actually derived from the third person plural Z which is they in English this comes from the idea that if you were to show someone respect back in the olden days you shouldn't address them directly at all which means that Z is less a formal version of you than a capitalized version of they this also explains the reason why Z and z are always the same on these charts and they always take the same form of the verb with all of the times that Z is used in this chart you can actually condense the reflexive pronouns chart down to six rows instead of the standard nine now our chart looks like this some teachers condense this even further because most of the pronouns are the same between the accusative and dative cases then the chart looks like this this is my personal favorite version of the reflexive pronouns chart I leave the nominative case personal pronoun s column in there for reference and combine as much of the rest of the chart as I can so that you don't have to memorize as much stuff if the subject uses one of the nominative case personal pronouns use the corresponding reflexive pronoun if you need one of those obviously you can also figure out which reflexive pronoun to use by finding which nominative case personal pronoun would replace the noun or nouns that are the subject in any given sentence let's take a look at some more examples I am showering is the subject so the reflexive pronoun must be from the same Row in the chart I use the accusative one here but I'll explain when to use the accusative or dative ones in a few minutes change your close here I used a command which removes the pronoun do from the sentence this does not change the reflexive pronoun however we still need the reflexive pronoun to match the invisible subject do in the sentence again I chose the accusative case version but more on that in a bit my my brother is brushing his teeth if you replace mha with a pronoun you would say in this sentence so we need a reflexive pronoun from that same Row the only one in that row is the woman is brushing her hair if you replace the with a pronoun you would use Z again the only reflexive pronoun from that same row is the girl concentrates on the homework we are looking forward to the weekend you will catch a cold the students are becoming annoyed about the homework don't get so agitated as you can see in those examples the subject and the object are the same person so we use the reflexive pronoun that is in the same row as the subject now let's figure out which column to use when do we use the accusative and when do we use the dative pronouns the deciding factor between accusative and dative reflexive pronouns is the presence of a direct object or the lack thereof if there is already an object in the sentence before you add in the reflexive pronoun the reflexive must be dative as the other object takes the accusative spot if there is not another object however the reflexive pronoun is used in the accusative case for example I am washing myself here the only object is the reflexive pronoun we use the accusative case because there is not another object I am washing my hands in this sentence the hands are the direct object which puts them in the accusative case the only space left for the reflexive pronoun is in the dative case so I used Mia instead of M for this one you can also think of the default position for reflexive pronouns as the accusative case as they usually represent the direct object of the sentence when you add in an additional object that object takes on the role of the direct object accusative case and the reflexive pronoun is now in the position of the indirect object dative case let's try a few more examples imagine a unicorn this sentence has the word Einhorn as the direct object this forces the reflexive pronoun to use the dative case the verb for can be a bit confusing for example you might say something like this imagine you are the teacher you don't see a direct object in this sentence but the Clause after the comma sort of acts like a direct object in this sentence which puts the reflexive pronoun into the dative case there's also another version of this verb for if you use the accusative case with your reflexive pronoun with this verb the translation becomes to introduce oneself for example introduce yourself some students of German are confused when there is a prepositional phrase in the sentence in English we sometimes think that these things are acting like direct objects so the students want to use the dative reflexive pronouns but that is not the case here's an example of what I mean I am getting used to my new shoes one might think that the shoes are the direct object of the sentence but in German the preposition on is being used the shoes are simply the object of that preposition they are not the direct object the only direct object in this sentence is the accusative reflexive pronoun another verb that acts like this is to remember it is paired with a preposition on to express that you remember something for example I remember my first car this is especially confusing as the English translation does use the car as the direct object of the sentence while the German sentence keeps Das AO in the prepositional phrase with an the reflexive pronoun there is accusative one of the cool things about reflexive pronouns is their impact on several phrases with two-way prepositions when you use a two-way preposition in a sentence with a reflexive pronoun there is a good chance that you need the accusative case for both the reflexive pronoun and the object of that two-way preposition let me show you what I mean sit down at the table the reflexive pronoun is being used here because the verb zeton requires you to identify what is being set this is the direct object the thing being set is the same as the subject so you use the reflexive pronoun since the prepositional phrase is expressing a change in location of that direct object the two-way preposition is also used with the accusative case I am laying down on the sofa for a while this sentence always confused me as a German student why is there a reflexive pronoun there at all why does the preposition require the accusative case how does any of this make sense with the words AA Vila in there if you're laying down for a while that doesn't describe a change in location in my mind in reality there's a bit more going on here similar to the verb zeton the verb lean requires a direct object if the subject is the same as that direct object you need the reflexive pronoun since the verb itself indicates a change in location for the direct object the preposition requires that same description as well this makes the preposition require the accusative case as it shows to where the m is being laid down the words Ina simply tells us how long I intend on remaining in my new location this does not affect the case of either the reflexive or the two-way preposition the last version of things that I want to talk to you about is something that I mentioned earlier when you use a reflexive pronoun with a command you have to remember what the subject is this is a bit tricky for the do and ear form commands as they require you to remove the pronoun when you form them this is sometimes confusing to German Learners so I wanted to take a look at a few commands in various forms with reflexive pronouns to see how they work hurry up here we use the do form command in a regular statement the sentence would be you are hurrying when we change this into a command and we remove the pronoun do and the St at the end of the verb the reflexive pronoun remains in the sentence and matches the subject that is not actually said or written in the sentence bab take care of the baby in this one I use the ear form command the regular statement version of this would be you are taking care of the baby in the command form we simply remove the pronoun I the reflexive pronoun still matches that subject even though it is not explicitly said or written in the command don't be afraid of my dog in this one we clearly see that the pronoun Z is still there so it's less confusing than the previous two examples the reflexive pronoun still matches the subject Z just as the other sentences match their subjects in this video I will show you 62 example sentences using reflexive verbs in German I used a variety of subjects and subject pronouns along the way to show you exactly how all of these reflexive pronouns are used I also Incorporated and perfect tenses I even threw in a few commands and modal verbs just for good measure getting ready for the day verbs to stretch the H the dog stretched after the nap bath Soldier bathed after a long day to shower we showered last night to wash oneself he washed himself in the river to wash one's something wash your hands before dinner to dry oneself off the girl is drying herself off to brush one's hair do you brush your hair daily to comb one's hair I didn't comb my hair to blow dry one's hair the child blowdried their hair to brush one's teeth have you already brushed your teeth today shave we will shave every day shave something we will shave our faces every day to put on makeup I will put on makeup before the performance to get oneself dressed did you get dressed to put something on did you put on your shoes to get undressed why did you get undressed to take something off why didn't you take off your socks to change clothes will you change your clothes for dinner to hurry hurry angry verbs to get up the boy will get upset about the homework to get upset or angry the cooks get angry almost every day illness injury and Recovery to catch a cold coat or else you will catch a cold to feel sick or well you will feel well in the morning to rest did you recover over or on the weekend to get hurt the soccer players get hurt every three minutes to break one's leg the cow broke her leg to recover the astronaut recovered after the mission hin or no hin to lay down we will lay down on the grass to lie down the patient laid down sit down please sit down on the stool sit down please sit down verbs that aren't usually reflexive but can be to buy oneself something the painter is buying himself new brushes to cook oneself something will you cook yourself something for dinner to wonder I will wonder later if this was a good idea prepositions matter to be happy orad I am glad to meet you to look forward to the mechanic is already looking forward to the weekend to be happy about the hairdresser will be happy about the new customers to prepare for the photographer is preparing for the next photo shoot to concentrate on song text the singers are concentrating on the song lyrics to be afraid of the cat is afraid of the vacuum cleaner to get used to the doctor will get used to the new work hours to be interested in were you interested in Pokemon to decide on the pilot decides on the my mother applied for the job as a cook to take care of the cleaning lady will take care of the housework to inquire about he would like to inquire about the status of his application relationship verbs to meet did you meet up somewhere after the concert to converse Sarah Sarah and I conversed until the morning get along the co-workers get along very well to fall in love with you will fall in love with Berlin to excuse oneself or apologize baby in the baby never apologizes to break up with the waiter is breaking up with his girlfriend in the middle of the restaurant I'm [Music] thinking to consider or think about the Sheep is thinking about if it should follow the others to remember do you remember the intern from the USA to introduce oneself I would like to introduce myself quickly to imagine something can you imagine your dream job to wish for something the teachers wish for a higher salary to be amazed or surprised [Music] the fireman was amazed that the house was no longer burning miscellaneous to behave mmy we behaved ourselves Mommy to something Have you listened to the new album from Bas to look at something watch something you have to watch this film to afford how can you afford this car today we are learning about the reflexive verbs and the pronouns which one has to use with them for examplea he washes himself the hands or as we would say he washes his hands well what do you say when you want to clean your car AO I wash my car and when the laundry is dirty I wash the laundry then vashin isn't reflexive but just used reflexively right okay maybe that was a bad example the verb aun has to be used with the reflexive pronoun for example he gets himself s worked up about his grades in English we have the option of leaving himself in the sentence he gets himself worked up or taking it out of the sentence and just letting the context do the work he gets worked up I read this sentence somewhere once my brother likes to annoy me you annoy me G now see aagun isn't a reflexive verb okay I have finally found a good example of a reflexive verb he hurries or he hurries himself H I believe you are finally right zba island is a real reflexive verb I think that's enough for today schula tomorrow we will talk more about these reflexive verbs Good Morgan Shula since we had some problems when talking about reflexive verbs yesterday I did a bit more research last night and found that there are actually two kinds of reflexive verbs verbs that can be used with reflexive pronouns but don't have to be are called fake reflexive verbs for example he washes himself the hands he washes his hands he washes his car that one is not reflexive verbs that have to be used with a reflexive are called real reflexive verbs for example he hurries himself why does everything in German have to be so complicated it doesn't and this isn't even that complicated come on people can we stop this madness today I am finally going to teach you how reflexive verbs should be taught in schools but rarely ever are here's the thing there are verbs in German that are used reflexively there are verbs in English like that too but they are much more rare for example to Pride oneself is a verb that is always used reflexively in English you can't Pride someone or something else and you can't simply Pride you have to pride yourself and he has to Pride himself this is commonly referred to as a reflexive verb because the grammar gods of old said so you must use this verb with a reflexive pronoun verbs are just verbs you can use them reflexively if you want but the verbs themselves aren't reflexive the car drives itself or I drive the car Peter Pan sees himself in the lake or I see Peter Pan on TV everyone loves Raymond and Kanye loves himself you get the idea the point is simple reflexive verb is a term that grammar nerds made up to make you feel better about using verbs reflectively but it just ends up confusing people there are verbs in German that are always used reflexively there are a ton more that are commonly used reflexively and a few others that are occasionally used reflexively the question you should ask yourself is not is this verb reflexive but rather is what I'm trying to express reflexive for example he washes the laundry this is not reflexive because the thing being washed is not part of the subject he washes his hands he washes himself the hands literally this is reflexive because the things being washed are part of the subject if I wash my son's hands however it's not reflexive as his hands are not part of me in order to say that we simply use the normal personal pronouns a deenda I wash his hands or literally I wash him the hands as I mentioned there are certain verbs in German that are always used reflexively there aren't nearly as many of these as people seem to think here are a few examples of those we caught a cold you can't catch someone else a cold you can only do that to yourself but for some reason German always requires that you include this reflexive pronoun while in English we simply rely on context to tell us that we are doing this to ourselves I listen to a few songs again you can't listen to something for someone else English uses context while German uses reflexive pronouns now to be fair it would make perfect sense to say unfortunately you can't do that in German because reflexive pronouns are a thing and people like using them so it just has to be done that way you see reflexive pronouns and grammar things in general are kind of like The Song That Never Ends because some people started singing it not knowing what it was and they'll just keep on singing it forever just because this is the song that never ends some people started singing it not knowing what it was and they'll keep on singing it just because this is the song that think of reflexive pronouns kind of like separable prefixes they don't make much sense to us English speakers but they're required for the sentence to make sense to a German let's take the verb for you can use it to mean to introduce or to imagine one of those you can do to other people but the other one is used exclusively reflexively neither of them will make any sense without the prefix for and neither of them will make any sense without the reflexive pronoun if it's being used reflexively for example I introduce my brother to my girlfriend this one is simply an indirect object and is not reflexive in any way M I introduce myself to her mother this one is reflexive because the person doing the introducing is the same one as the one being introduced I imagine her mother this sentence is definitely going to get you in trouble so be careful with the difference between the accusative m and Mia in the dative I imagine the beach you know while daydreaming during your German class when your mind goes numb trying to understand all this reflexive stuff this one is reflexive because the one imagining something is the same as the one for whom it is being imagined okay smarty pans I get it can we please just get to the part where you teach about the reflexive pronouns and how to use them already sure the system is simple think of the verb as a mirror the subject looks into the verb and sees a reflection of itself on the other side just like in a real mirror what you see on the other side is not an exact replica of the subject but rather a reflection or reflective pronoun occasionally the mirror is one of those one-way mirrors and the subject is the cop on the other side they don't see themselves but rather the direct or indirect object on the other side of the mirror you can however see yourself in one of those one-way mirrors if you just focus on yourself instead of looking through the glass class this is what happens when you see a verb that doesn't have to be used reflexively but you do it anyway example time he bathes himself this one is being used as if you were the criminal in the interrogation room you can only see yourself this verb is usually used reflexively he can only see himself through this verb as both he and himself are the ones being bathed and the one doing the bathing he bathes his dog this one is being used as if you are the cop on the outside of the interrogation room the verb is the oneway mirror he can look straight through the mirror to see his dog on the other side you only love yourself both of these use the pronoun D but only one of them is reflexive the personal pronoun is the same as the reflexive so if they're the same does it really matter which one is reflexive yes then you can tell when to use Z when it actually does change Kanye Kanye doesn't love him Kanye Kanye loves himself that being said it is also helpful to know that if via is not being used as the subject it is always un regardless of how it's used VI we are good friends not reflexive nominative subject my mother likes us not reflexive accusative direct object my mother buys us the same clothes not reflexive dative indirect object via mer and we like each other reflexive accusative direct object via we are buying ourselves the clothes reflexive dative indirect object fine I get it there's no such such thing as a reflexive verb just verbs that are used reflexively some are used reflexively all the time and some are just as likely to be used non-reflex as they are reflexively can you at least give me a list of verbs that I can memorize so that I understand which ones are always used reflexively of course but lists are boring so how about some example sentences and labels that show you if they are always this way or just sometimes that'll do donkey that I'll do always reflexive an to watch something YouTube videos on you are watching a few YouTube videos Ben to behave my brother doesn't behave himself in school to hurry the teacher hurries into the classroom to recover or recuperate the girl is recuperating in the hospital to catch a c we catch a cold when we go outside and Al to look forward to and uba to be happy about are you looking forward to the weekend they are happy about the result to get used to I have grown accustomed to my new apartment to concentrate concentrate on your homework to fall in [Music] love the couple fell in love V to be amazed or surprised he is amazed that he is still alive sometimes reflexive but don't have to be to get worked up or upset when I chew my food too loudly my father always gets worked up my loud chewing gets him worked up to remember I remember my beautiful time in Germany you remind me of a pumpkin to dry off after the bath he dries himself off after the bath he dries off his son to break one's leg I broke my leg on the stairs the gangsters broke my leg to brush one's hair the girl is brushing her hair her mother is brushing her hair the girl's hair to get dressed put your clothes on or I will put clothes on for you to feel how do you feel today I feel the sun on my skin to brush one's teeth the boy brushes his teeth I brush my son's teeth to lie [Music] down she lies down on the sofa for a while baby She lays the baby onto the sofa to be interested I am interested in Pokemon pokem pokem interests me one more category it's complicated for to imagine or introduce when this one is used to mean imagine it is always reflexive when it means to introduce it depends who is introducing whom to whom he imagines he is in the castle he introduces himself or he imagines we don't actually know here context is key and in this case we don't have any so it depends on what we meant to say if we meant to say he introduces himself it means that if we mean he imagines it means [Music] that he introduces himself to her mother zut he introduces his mother to his girlfriend and shiden to decide this one can be used reflexively or not the meaning changes ever so slightly see if you can pick up on it the boss decides what we're doing on Monday I make up my mind for the German ravioli the reflexive version is more personal it implies that the decision was made for oneself instead of someone else or for the group fore dou foree speee foree do for fore foree [Music] for n okay [Music] for m [Music] for fore [Music] for for for for pick fore Tru L ad for for for for F bean bags F Sophia take these lessons off of your screen and into your home when you purchase Elementary German with herir entrum you can practice what you're learning with worksheets and answer keys listen to the lessons whenever you want with the MP3 downloads and a whole lot more t-shirt M t-shirt t-shirt yeah Luke's t-shirt t-shirt yeah Des kis what is going on here well this is the genitive case the genitive case at its core is used to show possession the German Gena of case is the reason that the English possessive forms use S at the end of them when you use a proper noun in English with a possessive form you add an apostrophe and an S to the end for example Bob's Diner then when you do this in German you just don't use an apostrophe it's Bob's Diner here are a few examples in context Bob's I eat at Bob's restaurant every Monday that is Fred's sister the teacher asks Tim's friends if they are coming along when you use a person's name and that name ends in an S you can either add just an apostrophe to the end of it or add both an apostrophe and an s in English in German you add an apostrophe if the name ends in an s s set Z or X although I can't think of a name that ends in an s set you do not add an S after those names for example h m is house H's mother is in the hospital hin is hein's brother is the mayor Das is Max hemp this is Max's shirt great now we can use people's names with possessives but how do we do this if we don't use a person's name now we get into the real genitive stuff let's say I want to say the sentence the man's dog bit me as you can see in the English sentence the man is the one that is using the apostrophe and the S this will also be true in German but we switch things around a bit the man will show up after the thing that he owns in this sentence the dog so this sentence looks like this in German de the man's dog bit me if this looks confusing to you it might help to translate the sentence as the dog of the man bit me this puts the words in the same order but it also adds in of you can think think of the word Des as of thee instead of the other dare words which just mean the you probably also notice that I added in e s to the end of the word man this is another side effect of the genitive case if the noun in this case is masculine or neuter you add s to the end of the noun in addition to using an article that also has an S at the end of it if the noun only has one syllable you add e s instead of just s for example at the beginning of the day I had a lot of energy at the end of the month I don't have any more money the score of the game is 0 to zero wait I thought you just said that single syllable words get E S at the end of it instead of just s why didn't shiel get an e well this is a more recent grammatical Trend lots of people will lose the e in the genitive case in favor of just using an S duden the go-to guide for all grammar nerds lists both Shiels and shelis as possible options for the genitive case it does list the es version first which usually means that this version is the version that they prefer but both are acceptable some nouns fall into a category that we label as weak nouns these nouns require either an N or an e en at the end of them when they are not used in the nominative case this includes the genitive case obviously most of the time these nouns will simply stick ICT to having an N or an e en at the end of them in the genitive case and will ignore the rules about the s's sometimes however they will use both an n and an S for example the boy's hand is red nin zint ha a n s the letters of the name are h a n s so to recap so far the Gen of case is used to show possession between two nouns death is the article that's used for masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive case you also add an S to the end of the noun if the noun is only one syllable you add e s instead of just s certain nouns are in a category called weak nouns these nouns require n or en in the cases that are not nominative occasionally they add s to the end of the noun after the N but most of the time they just add an n and not the S now for the feminine and plural nouns they are much easier the articles in front of these feminine or plural nouns in the genitive case all end with r there are no letters to be added to the end of the noun so all you have to do is make sure that your article has an r at the end of it and you are done and good to go for example the woman's dress is blue why are the children's toys on the floor so far all of my examples have used definite articles or words meaning the obviously you can also use indefinite articles or words meaning a or an the last letters are the same and the rules for adding S and E are the same as well for example Das this is a man's shirt house and decked I discovered a dinosaur's bone behind my house the hair of a woman is usually longer than the hair of a man the mayor of a city leads the community the hoes of a horse are protected by horseshoes a Girl's Best Friend should be her mother The Souls of your shoes are broken I buy my children's teachers something for appreciation as you may have noticed in the last two examples possessive adjectives Like Mine and Dine use the same endings and follow the same patterns as the indefinite articles do this is sometimes confusing to German Learners because there is a possessive adjective that is also showing possession in a secondary Way by using the genitive case the possessive adjective shows to whom the noun that follows belongs the genitive case shows that this noun also possesses something else namely the object that preceded it just for good measure here are a few more examples of that the mother of his father is his grandmother her mother's father is her grandfather our child's clothes are always on the floor have you seen your parents keys in addition to using a possessive adjective with the genitive case you can also make a genitive chain this isn't as common in spoken German but you might come across it in something that you read for example zabis Kapak ven the cars of the employees of the company can be parked in the Eastern corner of the parking lot of the north side of the building this is obviously a stretch of how this can be used but it's something that you should be aware of in case you come across it the last bit we want to talk about today is something that I mentioned in the opening of this video the word vessen is used for the genitive question word in English we say who's not who's as in wh apostrophe s but who's w s there is a huge difference and if you are struggling with the difference here the one with the apostrophe means who is while the other one we are concerned with is asking about the ownership of something this is the last of a series of four question words that we have had about people in the nominative case we used vea which translates as who vea who has these shoes in the accusative case we use the question word vain which is the first whom in German and is used for direct objects and objects of accusative prepositions f z for whom are these shoes in the dative case we use the question word vain which is used as a secondary whom in German and it's used for indirect objects objects of dative verbs and objects of dative prepositions to whom do these shoes belong in the generative case we use the question word vessen which translates as who and is used to inquire about the owner or possessor of the object that follows V whose shoes are these now to end this video I'd like to give some examples like I did at the beginning of this video which show a series of example sentences all connected to each other using the generative case and other ways to show possession next to each other these examples however will have a bit more variety to them instead of the pattern that was followed in the initial examples vess and build is for [Music] prositions are exactly what the name implies they are prepositions that require the object that follows them to be used with the genitive case there are upwards of about 16 of these prepositions but there are usually four listed in most German textbooks as these are the most commonly used ones I'll start today with those and then I'll move on to the others anat instead of anat instead of a car I am buying a bicycle the boy is eating an apple instead of a cake as you can see with these two examples the object that follows the preposition is in the genitive caseus AOS andus kin you may have also noticed that the second example I gave saidat without the an at the beginning this is also an acceptable version of this preposition the meaning does not change whatsoever it is just a personal preference whether you sayat or an TOS despite or in spite of in spite of the cold he is standing in the rain the teacher repeats the instructions despite the noise this preposition is used in a very similar way to the English phrase in spite of it shows a juxtoposition of One Thing versus the action taken durings gab during the storm there was a power outage I fell asleep during the game who won this one's a bit tricky because there is also the conjunction Vin which is used to express very similar Concepts the main thing to remember is that the preposition Vin is combined with a noun while the conjunction is combined with a subordinate clause broccoli while I am eating ice cream my sister is eating some broccoli in general you can translate the sentence in English with the word while when you need the conjunction and not the preposition when ver is used as a preposition it's almost always translated in English as during vagan because of vagan because of inflation my coffee cost Fred can't come along because of the grounding or because he was grounded if you mean to say because followed by a phrase you probably need to use the conjunction vile de instead of theed I cannot afford a coffee because the inflation of the euro is rising I cannot afford a coffee because the inflation of the euro is rising because the inflation of the euro is ing I cannot afford a coffee now is probably an opportune time to mention that you will often hear the genitive prepositions used with the dative case instead of the genitive this is almost exclusively in spoken German and is more prevalent in certain areas than others in my mind it's better to use the genitive case than the dative case as this is what the official Guardians of the German grammar Dogma have said it should be just know that you might hear someone say Vegan zym house arrest instead of vagan Zess house arrest TS the four prepositions that I have shown you so far are usually the only ones in textbooks this is partly because they are the most used ones but it's also partly because there are easier ways to phrase most of the rest of the genitive prepositions rather than teaching all of these prepositions in the lower level courses teachers and textbook creators will opt to leave them for a much later B1 B2 level lesson I like to be thorough though so I'm going to teach them to you today anyway in a inside of gig respect mutual respect is crucial inside of a business inside of an hour he was arrested outside of why is the milk still outside of the refrigerator the police found his car outside of the city above the clown is juggling balls on a tight rope above the audience is the Alpine Coaster is on a mountain above the city under some rivers flow Underground leak the city is located below the ski resort zans on the side of the company had to declare bankruptcy because of theft on the part of the employees the danger of the path requires caution on the side of the hikers D zes this side of barue Mississippi this restaurant has the best barbecue this side of the Mississippi on this side of the Border you find many more wild flowers yanites the other side of Esa yit there are lots of homeless people who live on the other side of this building y on the other side of the bridge there's a troll standing on the occasion of my wife bought me a book about on the occasion of our silver wedding anniversary his entire family cheered on the occasion of his AC quiddle craft Des gazet by law you are allowed to use a driver's license instead of a passport as identification when you were flying inside of the United States the teacher is allowed to give orders by virtue of his authority L according to L is mus by according to this newspaper the musician died in a car accident according to his father he isn't at home on the basis of or because of because of his criminal record he didn't get the job we don't have school today because of the snow with regard to I have a question with regard to my application Chef my boss wants to talk to me about my punctuality adjectives are words that describe nouns meaning that they describe people places and things and ideas in English this can be done directly before the noun which is how you're probably thinking this is done or it can be used far away from the noun when we use the adjective away from the noun we call it a predicate adjective the predicate part is the part of the sentence that is after the verb as the name suggests these adjectives show up after the verb and they describe a noun at the beginning of the sentence in German we have the exact same two options you can put the adjective directly before the noun or you can put it after the verb to describe the subject here are a few examples film the film was good is y my brother is young Z the children are loud today in those sentences the words good young and loud are adjectives that describe the subjects of their sentences the film my brother and the children in German it is the exact same the adjectives G Yung and L describe the subjects deil mind bua and Dinda this is the easiest way to use adjectives in German but it doesn't lend itself to very much variety or flexibility that's why there's also the option to put the adjective directly before the noun that they describe this allows us the greatest amount of flexibility with our descriptors let's take a look at some examples to see what this looks like deuta film begin the good film starts in 30 minutes I like my younger brother the mother isn't giving the loud children any chocolate as you can see from these examples we are no longer limited to describing just the subject of the sentence when we add the adjective directly in front of the noun in fact we can describe any noun that we like within the sentence the placement of the adjective in German and in English is exactly the same between the article the word for the or a or an and the noun itself what you may have noticed however is that the adjective endings in German change sometimes the first one used an e while the last two used e n as you probably have guessed this has to do with the gender of nouns and the cases in which they are used what you might not have guessed however is that it depends on what comes before the adjective as well definite articles or de words require different adjective endings than indefinite articles or inword and there's even a third category if there is no article let's start with the adjectives after dare words in this chart you can see all of the definite articles for each case and gender next to them you can see the endings for the adjectives that follow them at first this may seem overwhelming but there are really only two endings in the nominative case all of the singular forms require an e at the end of the adjective in the accusative case feminine and neuter nouns require an e at the end of the adjective as well all of the other forms in all of the other cases require e n at the end this makes this group of adjectives by far the easiest to remember if the noun is plural and you're using a definite article in front of it you add n to the end of the adjective if the noun is in the dative OR genitive case and there's a definite article before the adjective then add en as well if the noun is masculine and in the accusative case add n let's try some out in some example sentences the funny doctor's little dog brings the old man the Red Apple all of these nouns in this sentence are masculine so the only adjective endings that end with an E are in the nominative case all of the other cases for masculine nouns require at the end of the adjective the smart wife of the nice doctor buys the 5-year-old daughter the expensive necklace in this sentence there are two adjectives that end with E and two that end with e n all of the nouns are feminine so the nominative case noun and the accusative case noun both have an e at the end of their respective adjectives kuga and TOA the dative case is used with the indirect object which is why we change the feminine article to De the genitive case deeton obviously also uses an N at the end of the adjective the large horse gives the well- behaved girl's cute bunny the sweet baby carrot as with all of the other examples all of the nouns in this sentence use the same gender these are all neuter this means that the nominative and accusative articles are do and they are automatically followed by an adjective with an e at the end in the dative and genitive cases the Articles become D and Des respectively and the adjectives are n for both of them detina the lazy parents loud children are yelling the dumbest insults from the highest parts of the play Tower as you might have guessed all of these nouns are plural but the last one in the sentence is which is masculine and is really only there because otherwise the rest of the sentence wouldn't really make much sense the rest of the nouns are plural however all of the adjective endings after plural nouns when there is an article require e n it doesn't matter how they are used within the sentence or what the gender of the noun would have been if it were singular all of the plural nouns require adjectives with e n if there is an article it's important to remember that certain words in German act like definite articles they require the same endings and the adjectives that follow them require the same endings as if there was a dare word in front of them these words include D Allah y Y Man Z and ba the last letter or letters will change to match the DW ending chart and the adjectives that follow will use the same endings as the adjectives do when they're followed by words like de Dame des and so on here are a few quick examples of thato gazan this smart boy has seen every dumb film by Tarantino the ER at the end of daa indicates that the noun being used is in the nominative case and masculine this also makes the adjective have an e at the end the en at the end of Yen shows that the noun is masculine and accusative which in turn requires the adjective to include n at the end of it as well which generous teacher gave all of the poor children these warm coats this time we have the feminine form velia to indicate that the teacher is the subject of the sentence and therefore nominative the adjective that follows requires an e for the same reasons the children in this sentence are the indirect object of the sentence which makes them dative the plural ending for articles is n and the adjective that follows that has to follow suit alen the coats are also in the plural form but they are the direct objects of the sentence so the article uses an e while the adjective uses e e n when you use an indefinite article in German or words that translate as a or an in English you mostly use the same endings as you do for definite articles or words that translate asth in English in fact the dative and genitive case all useen on their adjectives still the only change between the adjectives after definite articles and the adjectives after indefinite articles are the masculine and neuter forms in the nominative case and the neuter form in the accusative case these adjectives now use the same letter that would have been on the definite article if you use that instead of an indefinite article for example the smart boy saw the film a smart boy saw the film notice how the ending changed between these two sentences the first one has an e because the gender of the noun was already identified in the article de the word however is used for both m and neuter nouns this makes it so that we have to show the gender through the adjective which is why the adjective now ends in eer the big horse is eating a carrot a big horse is eating a carrot in the first example the article Das clearly identifies the gender of the noun fat as neuter therefore we only need an e at the end of the adjective since the article could be masculine or NE in the nominative case we still have to identify the gender through the adjective which in this case indicates the neuter form with E S at the end of the adjective the full adjective ending chart for adjectives after indefinite articles looks like this I know what you're thinking how is there a plural column for this while you can't say a books you can say my books or no books both of these are expressed in German with words that act like indefinite articles all of the possessive adjectives that I taught you a few lessons ago along with the negative article K use the same endings as the indefinite articles do the adjective endings that follow these words follow the same patterns as the adjectives after indefinite articles do a Catholic priest a Methodist pastor and a brown horse go into an Irish bar besides the obvious lame setup for a joke this sentence includes one masculine noun one feminine noun and one neuter noun in the nominative case this allows us to follow the endings across all of the genders adjectives for masculine nouns get e r feminine takes e and neuter takes e s the articles for masculine and neuter nouns are both in while the feminine article is AA the last noun in the sentence isn't in the nominative case but it still requires AA as the article and an e at the end of the adjective to show that this is feminine and accusative banana I am buying a red ball a yellow banana and a black sheep these nouns are all the direct objects of the sentence the only change from the last sentence as far as the endings are concerned however is the masculine form is no longer e r but rather e n this shows us the transition from the nominative to the accusative case for masculine nouns feminine and neuter nouns don't change their articles or their adjective endings for the accusative case z she is playing soccer with my old father my young mother and my small bunny after the preposition M we use the dative case which is indicated by the masculine and neuter articles i n and The Feminine article I now the adjective endings for all of these adjectives in this case are e n as long as there is an article before the adjective in the dative case the ending on the adjective is n this works for definite and indefinite articles for luck the boy brings his wise father's coins his dear Grandma's earrings and the shoes of his brown horse while using the genitive case the article for masculine and neuter nouns ends with s the adjectives that follow that use e n the feminine articles end with e r but the adjective endings are still e n so far we have two of the three adjective ending categories covered the adjective endings after definite articles look like this the adjective endings after indefinite articles look like this when neither a definite or indefinite article is used the adjective ending generally follows the ending that is normally on the article the only exception to this is in the genitive case for masculine and neuter nouns instead of taking an S they use n at the end into the adjective the chart looks like this as I said these endings are used when there is neither a definite nor an indefinite article in front of the adjective this is pretty rare with singular forms but it can be done for example yellow cheese does not taste good to me I like yellow cheese I am making a sandwich with yellow cheese I like the taste of yellow cheese these examples follow the masculine noun kesa through all of the cases in the nominative case it requires e r at the end of the adjective if you were to use a definite article instead you would say DEA notice that the last letter of De and the last letter of GBA are the same in the accusative case the ending becomes n which is the same as the masculine accusative article Dane in the dative case we use gum which has the same ending as D the only one that doesn't match is the one in the genitive case the article would have been but the adjective ending is N Cold milk tastes better to me we like cold milk mil I like to eat cookies with cold milk is the optimal temperat this is the optimal temperature of cold milk these examples follow the feminine noun mil through all of the cases in the nominative and accusative cases we use the adjective ending e just as we would have used the article D in the same cases when we use a definite article in the dative and genitive cases the definite article becomes de which is why we use the adjective ending e or when the article is not there is fresh bread is the best all like fresh bread we are making our lunch with fresh bread I like the smell of fresh bread in these examples we can see how the neuter noun Bol changes between the cases in the nominative and accusative cases we use E S at the end of the adjective just as we would have had an S at the end of the word Das for the article in the dative case we use the adjective ending em to indicate the neuter form just as we would have used the article Dame in the same instance when we get to the genitive case we again have a small deviation from the DW chart as the adjective ending here is n while the article would have been Des adjectives without articles are much more common when used with plural nouns you often don't need an article with plural nouns so this stands to reason that you would often see an adjective with those same nouns here's an example that smart children tell trustworthy parents silly stories instead of real truths this sentence has all four cases in it the nominative and accusative cases have an e at the end of the adjective as the definite article would have been D in the dative case the ending becomes n as the article would have been D in the genitive case we use the adjective ending e r because the article would have been de all of the definite article endings here match the unpreceded adjective endings now that we have all three categories of adjectives you can see a full overview of all of the endings in this chart it shows you the definite and indefinite articles with the adjective endings that follow them plus the unpreceded adjective endings which are indicated with a blank line in front I also included the indicators of what counts as a category for each of these endings which words require the same adjective endings as the DW adjectives do they are listed under the DW category under inword you can see the words that fall into that category and the nul article is used for those that don't count as an article you'll notice that in that category we have feel etas and a few other things that you can use before an adjective that doesn't count as an article while AA looks like an article it actually means some and doesn't count as an article when it comes to the adjective endings that follow it today I'm talking all about PTI and P as adjectives in German first let's take a look at some examples to see what we're even talking about and get you oriented a bit the laughing baby is very cute the police officer helped the bleeding boy I will not eat the burnt schnit the man is driving in spite of the broken windshield as you can see there are two versions of the verbs that I used as adjectives in the first two sentences I used a verb form that shows that the noun is doing something at the time the sentence takes place this does not affect the tense of the sentence and the tense of the sentence does not affect the adjective in the first sentence I use the present tense and a present participle called p in German the baby is laughing at the same time that it is cute in that sentence in the second sentence I use the simple past tense the pr and the present participle or par as an adjective the boy was bleeding at the time that the police officer helped but the entire event took place in the past in the second two sentences I used a verb form that shows that the noun is in a state after the action of the verb has been completed so while I use the future tense or the futa in the sentence about the Schnitzel the burning happened prior to that which left the Schnitzel in a burned state in the next sentence I use the present tense or presence but the breaking of the windshield occurred prior to the driving in that sentence the windshield is already in the broken State before the man started driving in English we label these participles in a much more clear manner than we do in German in English we call the PTI present participle and the past participle these two names help us to understand what they do and why we might need them the present participle or partip is used to describe an action that is being done by the noun that it precedes for example The Laughing child the child is currently laughing and rather than say we shorten the sentence down to use the verb L as an adjective in order to form the partip of a German verb we simply add D to the end of the infinitive L becomes L anden becomes blend once you have that you simply add the correct adjective ending to go with the case and gender of the noun that is being described here are a few more examples of as adjectives the man is talking with the writing child his mother wanted to know what the problem of the screaming boy was you will see a dancing dog in front of the door never take the food away from an eating dog p is not nearly as common as P the PV is called past participle in English it shows that the action is completed you are likely already aware of how these are formed as you need the pvi in order to create the pect tense ppvi generally start with G and end with t that only works with regular verbs however irregular verbs can be as simple as using e n at the end instead of T but it can be a lot more complicated like a stem vowel change like beginning changing to begon when you use a povi as an adjective you are essentially saying that the action that the verb represents is already already done and the noun that you are describing is now in a state that follows that action's completion I mention the example of Das schnitzel the burned schnitzel we know what happened to the Schnitzel before it wasn't eaten by the speaker in that sentence we can tell this through the parv once we create the parv we simply add the correct adjective ending to match the case and gender of the noun that we are describing as we would with any other adjective here are a few more examples of these in action Kevin Kevin dropped the purchased groceries the fireman finds the Lost catel ate the offered cookies quickly my son takes the freshly baked bread out of the oven quick side note about the last example I added an adverb FR before the adjective gaken adverbs are used to describe adjectives among other things in this sentence the word fresh describes the way in which the baked State came about in this case recently as the bread was freshly baked just for fun let's see a few more examples of that kind of thing a well-trained dog does not pull on the leash the girl drives her newly bought car to the school you can actually continue to use these kinds of phrases to make an entire Clause out of them for example cesa henzel ate the cookies that were offered by the witch literally the from the witch offered cookies the criminal sells the goods that were stolen from the store literally the from store stolen goods to recap what we've learned so far ptip eins refers to verbs which look like infinitives with d added to the end when they are used as adjectives they show that the noun is engaged in that activity while the action of the sentence is taking place refers to verbs which have been changed to the form that is used in the perect tense this is generally indicated by a GE in front and a t at the end but there are a variety of other rules that dictate how these are formed for the PV when used as adjectives the pipv forms of verbs show that the noun is already in a certain State because of the action that the PV represents now let's take a look at some mixed examples to see these words in action the police officer recognizes the hidden boy F the recognized Boy comes out of his discovered hiding place he speaks a while with the caling police officer the caught boy goes with the reassuring police officer to the car The Crawling B is on the freshly swept floor zofa would shout to the exhausted mother lies on the sofa that is covered with unfolded laundry and watches The Crawling baby of the exhausted mother pulls itself up on the sofa that is covered with unfolded laundry and gives the surprised mother a welld deserved Kiss by the end of this lesson you will be able to change adjectives and adverbs in German from the original form called the positive form into the comparative higher further faster or the superlative best or most often form and use them in a variety of sentences I'll also help clear up some confusion about these things in English as some native English speakers sometimes have trouble in certain areas let's start with the word schel which means fast in English if you're using an adjective after the verb we call that part of the sentence the predicate we call this a predicate adjective these adjectives unlike the ones that are used directly before nouns don't need adjective endings we simply use them as they are for example mine AO Isel my car is fast just like in English most of the time we add eer to the end of the adjective to form the comparative form in German so fast becomes faster and schel becomes schella for example Z AO is schella his car is faster the superlative in German is similar to the English but with a slight change instead of just saying the fastest in German we add am in front of the adjective and Sten to create the superlative form so all three forms including the positive form the original adjective the comparative form the ER version and the superlative the English EST or the German Sten version of fast are fast faster the fastest and in German for example M A is my car is fast Z Auto isella his car is faster their cars are the fastest just for good measure let's try that again with Lang Lang Lang langen slow slower the slowest their cars are slowo is Lang his car is slower mine Auto is zamen my car is the slowest in English we have to remember if a word is being used as an adjective or an adverb as adverbs generally end with ly this shifts the way that we make the comparative form as we change slow and slower into slowly and more slowly for once German grammar is actually simpler in this aspect it doesn't matter if we're using the word as a predicate adjective or as an adverb the comparative and superlative forms are the same let's try those examples of lam again but this time as adverbs Lang Lang slowly more slowly the slowest they are driving their cars slowly he drives his car more slowly I drive my car the slowest German is even more easy easier whatever the point is that unlike in English we don't have to worry about whether to use more or most followed by the original version of certain adjectives or adverbs in German it is always eer and I'm whatever St with regular adjectives of course there are some irregular ones but we'll get to that here in a bit for now here are a few more examples of adjectives that follow the most basic of standard comparative and superlative formation angsten tight tighter the tightest dick Dicker I'm Dixon fat fatter the fattest dun dun I'm dun thin thinner the thinnest styley I'm steep steeper the steepest the rules for comparative and superlative don't change if you use them as adjectives before nouns the only thing that changes is that you also add the adjective endings based on the case gender and article with the noun just be aware that if you're using the comparative form of something you add eer and sometimes your adjective ending will also be eer which means you have eer twice in a row this is not incorrect even if it sounds weird no new newer the newest I am driving the new sports [Music] car I prefer a newer sports [Music] car we drive the newest sports cars occasionally you'll need to modify the adjective or adverb that you're using to make it easier to pron ounce words that have an e directly before an r or an L require you to remove that E before you add any ending that starts with a vowel this means most of them but not the superlative as it starts with an s for example to to expensive more expensive the most expensive this book is expensive it is an expensive book is this book is more expensive it is a more expensive book this book is the most expensive it is the most expensive book dark darker the darkest photo is this photo is dark I took a dark photo or which photo is darker this one or this one photo do you see the darker photo photo this photo looks the darkest that is the darkest photo that I have ever seen if an adjective or adverb ends with d s set s CH T TZ X or just a z you'll need to add an e between the adjective and the St in the superlative for example blur blur blur stupid stupider the stupidest Zeus Zea I'm Zeus sweet sweeter the sweetest hoop Hoopa I'm hoopen handsome more handsome the most handsome v v I'm V far farther the farthest fix fixa I'm fix quick quicker the quickest Spitz I'm sharp sharper the sharpest proud prouder the proudest hea I'm Heen hot hotter the hottest of course every rule has to have an exception which is why the word g [Music] exists big bigger the biggest when an adjective or adverb has one syllable and a letter that can take an oml out it almost always does in the comparative and superlative forms for example Yen younger the youngest and now quite possibly the most confusing set of sentences in this entire video I am young as I am younger than you I am the [Music] youngest I am a young [Music] boy I am AER [Music] Bo I am the youngest boy old older the oldest I am [Music] old I am older than he a quick side note here most native English speakers would say him instead of HE in that sentence most grammar nerds will tell you that he is the correct form as the pronoun is a predicate nominative more about that in my video about sign Linked In the description while this is true I'm a proponent of language usage defining what is grammatically correct and not the grammar rules defining how the language should be used no one I have ever met would say I am older than he unless they finish the sentence with is I am older than he is but I am older than him in German the nominative pronoun AA is used which indicates the German version would be more closely related to the correct English version I only point this issue out so that you know that the German pronoun here needs to be in the nominative case I'll get to some examples later that don't use the nomin case so you know when to use the nominative and when to vary from that [Music] pattern I am the [Music] oldest I am an old [Music] dude I am an older dude I am the oldest dude just so you know that these are not isolated incidences here are three more words that require ANL for comparative and superlative I'm hard harder the hardest cold colder the coldest langen long longer the longest you don't always add an uml with single syllable adjectives that can take umls for example FL flat flatter the flattest foul fer I'm foul lazy lazier the [Music] laziest colorful more colorful the most colorful round rounder the roundest all of these are only one syllable and the vowel in the middle could take an out they just don't because I know comment if you know cuz I have no idea even more confusing are the rare occasions when it's acceptable for you to choose if you want the oml out or not for example Nas NASA or Nessa amisten or nessen wet wetter the wetest Oren umon crooked more crooked the most crooked C certain adjectives and adverbs are simply irregular this means they don't follow any discernable pattern this happens in English a lot as well usually A good rule of thumb is when an adjective or adverb is irregular in English it probably is irregular in German for instance much more the most in German [Music] is my mother annoys me a lot my mother annoys my brother more than me my mother annoys my sister the most notice in the second sentence my mother annoys my brother more than me I use the accusative pronoun M instead of the nominative pronoun this is because we aren't using a predicate nominative this time let's take a closer look at the previous one [Music] I am older than he as I kind of alluded to in my explanation of why the English makes no sense if you finish the sentence you would say I am older than he is if we finish the new example my mother annoys my brother more than me you would say my mother annoys my brother more than she annoys me this makes it clear that the pronoun that's being used is the direct object in that part of the sentence therefore we have to use the accusative case [Music] [Music] [Music] another Point that's a bit odd about F May and is that you can't use m in front of a noun without having an article like you can in English in English it's possible to say most people or most students without having the in front in German you need the article for example de V Inland most Germans live in Germany de us us most us Americans live in the USA let's take a look at another irregular adverb or adjective and some more examples that don't have nominative case at the end like like more like the most brother eating pza my sister likes to eat pizza More Than This roast beef my mother likes to eat dumplings the most in the second sentence the word rinda Bron is in the accusative case as it is used in the same way that pizza is if you complete the sentence you would sayva pza my sister likes to eat pizza more than she likes to eat this roast beef the point is that you need to pay attention to the way that you're going to use the word at the end of the sentence and not just automatically assume that it's nominative more irregular adjectives include the following hon High higher the highest nah next near nearer the nearest or [Music] next soon sooner the soonest another convenient thing about German adverbs and adjectives is that you don't have to know whether to use good or well as you do in English in German everything is just good officially in English if good is being used as an adverb you need to say well instead of good no one really seems to pay attention or care about this rule in English however so lots of people will just end up saying good in all instances and pretending the word well doesn't even exist or Worse still they'll just use well in sentences where it doesn't belong let's take a look at a few examples so we can fix your English while we're at it g Bessa tin good or well better the best V Gates how's it going I'm doing well or I am good or I am well this is the example that everyone claims the other person is doing wrong the claim is that you can't say I am well unless it's in reference to a prior illness or being used as an adverb well is supposed to be used as a reference to your health or an adverb this means that it modifies the verb of the sentence and not the noun or pronoun when you are saying I am good the pronoun I is being Modified by good that makes it an adjective when you say I am doing well the word well is modifying the way in which you are doing that makes it an adverb and therefore has to be well again the usage should Define what is correct and what is not correct half the people I know say I am well the other half of the people say I am good I personally prefer good in that sentence but I accept well as well enough about the English you came here for the German so let's get back to those [Music] examples my brother plays soccer well he is a good soccer player my sister plays soccer better than him or he she is a better soccer player my father plays soccer the best is he is the best soccer player now that we know how to make the comparative and superlative of adjectives and adverbs we need to know how to use them properly if two things are the same amount of something we confusingly say in English as something as for instance as comfortable as in order to say two things are the same in German we use the word zo in front of the adjective and V after it for example zo Bame V as comfortable as when you want to compare two things directly you need the word us which is used like the English word than for example more comfortable than bston comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable this is a [Music] comfortable this bed is as comfortable as my bed at home the second bed is a more comfortable [Music] bed the second bed is more comfortable than and my bed at home the last bed is the most [Music] comfortable the last bed is the most comfortable bed that I have ever slept in just for good measure here are a few more examples with some goofy sentences enjoy k k I'm kleinon small smaller the smallest go big bigger the biggest I have a small carrot D is your carrot is very small your carrot is smaller than my carrot that is a smaller carrot I think you have the smallest carrot in the garden do you have a bigger [Music] carrot of course my carrot is bigger than your little carrot Isen my carrot is the biggest carrot in the garden is my carrot is not only big but the [Music] biggest famous more famous the most famous Fran FR is famous as Hillary she is more famous than Hillary Duff Fran Fran poent is one of the most famous actresses from Germany hardworking more hardworking the most hardworking I am very [Music] hardw my brother is just as hardworking as I G IS F George is more hardworking than my brother and I Abraham is Abraham is the most hardworking foul F I'm foulon lazy lazier the laziest is foul this dog is lazy is z foul v m AEL he is as lazy as my donkey the is this horse is lazier than the dog and the donkey the cat is the laziest unfriendly more unfriendly the most unfriendly this employee is unfriendly the other employee is more unfriendly the third employee is perhaps the most unfriendly employee that I have ever seen bad worse the worst [Music] my brother has bad grades my sister has worse grades my cousin has the worst grades The Dark Night The Dark Knight PE [Music] is forche for for comp this car is fast this is a fast car this car is faster this is a faster car the auto this car is the fastest this is the fastest car for adjetives for today it is warm tomorrow it will be warmer the day after tomorrow it will be the warmest ho for today is a warm day tomorrow it will be a warmer day the day after tomorrow will be the warmest day Bob plays well Fred plays better Johan plays the best Johan plays with a good player and a better player Bob and Fred play with the best player dis is Toya dis is this book is expensive this book is more expensive this book is the most expensive is this is an expensive book this is a more expensive book this is the most expensive book if you like these lessons but wish there is a way for you to practice what you're learning check out the book that goes with this course called Elementary German with hair Anum it's available on my website German withth an.com or on Amazon both are linked in the description conjunction Junction what's your function hooking up words and phrases and clauses conjunction Junction what's your function hooking up words and phrases and clauses this song is a classic and it explains perfectly what conjunctions do they connect words phrases and clauses in this lesson you will learn how to use coordinating conjunctions in German specifically I will focus Ona ABA and den but I will also explain a few other more obscure German coordinating conjunctions there are three main categories of conjunctions in German the first category of German conjunctions is coordinating conjunctions they're the easiest to use which is why we are going to start with them in future videos I'll explain the other two categories of German conjunctions subordinating conjunctions and the two-part conjunctions coordinating conjunctions are easier to use than other German conjunctions because they do not affect word order subordinating conjunctions require word order changes and two-part conjunctions require you to understand where to put both parts coordinating conjunctions are super easy barely an inconvenience as I mentioned in the intro conjunctions are words that connect parts of sentences together including words phrases and clauses the difference between each of the conjunctions is how they connect them sometimes they connect them into a list other times the connection is showing that the words on each side of the conjunction are not in the same group group you'll understand more what I mean when we go through this lesson but think about that each time we talk about a new conjunction what is this conjunction saying about the connection between these words phrases or Clauses the first and most common coordinating conjunction in German is UN it means and and is used just like in English this conjunction shows you that the words phrases or Clauses that are connected with it are in the same group this is great for building lists you simply add it before the last thing on the list and now you have a connection between the things on your list let's try some examples I have a cat a dog and a fish in this sentence I connected three words with the conjunction un it shows you that I don't just have a dog or a cat or a fish I have all three you'll notice that I use the article in front of each noun this is necessary to show the gender and case like you normally would also notice that there is no comma between the second to last word and this is what we call an Oxford comma in English and in German this does not exist when making a list of words or phrases in German don't add a comma before you can also connect a phrase or Clause with I am bringing my dog water and my cat milk here we connected the phrase with these two phrases are more than just one word which is what we connected in the previous example my dog drinks the water and my cat licks itself this sentence connects two full sentences which we classify as Clauses when they're pushed together like this you can do this with the conjunction un these are just a few of the examples of how you can use this conjunction try it out in the comments write your own sentences using un and I will take a look to make sure your grammar is right next up we have Oda which means or this is used to create lists as well but the relationship between the things is different than when we used un if you use Oda you are saying that the things on the list are not in the same group but rather that just one of them is basically you're saying that the English conjunction or is the exact same thing as just like you can connect words phrases or Clauses with Vine would you like a soda a beer or a glass of wine would you like to drink a coffee see a film or go swimming would you like to drive with us or should we drive alone another conjunction that is often left off of lists like this one is bong's Visa it's one of the most commonly used conjunctions but it's also somewhat difficult to really understand all of the nuances of it if you break apart the word you can see what its real use is butong is a relationship Visa is a manner or a way in which you do something this word shows a relationship between two or more things this definition gives the word the flexibility needed to fit all of the definitions that I'm about to give you you will often see but abbreviated as BW I have three children more precisely two sons and a daughter you you can also use Vis to mean something like as the case may be you have to know the words in order to say them or to write them as the case may be sometimes you translated as respectively today I am selling strawberries and bananas they are red and yellow respectively one of the most most useful conjunctions and one I personally believe is underutilized by German Learners is Den it means because all of the other conjunctions in German that mean because are subordinating conjunctions which means they change the word order if you are just starting to learn German you should definitely acquaint yourself with the word Den because it can cure you of your lack of a way to say because in German Den cannot connect single words it is used to connect Clauses it shows a reasoning for the other Clause here a few examples of den I have to work every day because I need the money he isn't worried because he knows that The Darkest Hour comes just before the dawn then she is sad because her dog died yesterday all of the rest of the conjunctions for today mean but they each have their own subtle differences and specific uses the first one is by far the most commonly used and the most versatile of them all this word is I have a dog and a fish but no cat my brother would like to get good grades in school but he doesn't do his homework we invited our neighbors but none [Music] came he doesn't have any money but is buying a car in spite of that another conjunction in German that means but is Zan this word is a bit more than just but however it includes a connotation of rather it shows that the thing mentioned before the conjunction is being negated by the thing after it this means that the conjunction Zan must be used after a negation of some sort for example I'm not ugly but rather mediocre this isn't a cat but rather a dog the woman isn't riding the bus but rather the train my brother isn't studying math but rather works as a mechanic next up we have align when this isn't used as a conjunction this word means alone this gives you a little insight into how this is used as a conjunction it's like saying but with this one exception it's pretty rare to see this used as a conjunction but I wanted to include it on my list to make sure that it was complete personally I remember the meaning of this conjunction from a line in Rapunzel when the man goes to the witch's Garden to steal the Rapunzel plant for the third time the witch catches him and says she will let him go with one exception the wine is as follows if it is as you say I will allow you to take as much Rapunzel with you as you like but I make one request or condition you have to give me the child that your wife will bring to the world this was the first instance when I encountered a line as a conjunction and it reminds me that this is kind of elevated speech or at the very least not commonly used you might equate it with the English alas to help you get the idea of how it's used here are a few more examples from gerta's tragic play F I hear the message alas I lack the belief the strength is weak alas the desire is great a common but sometimes confusing conjunction that also means but is do do is more closely related to the English conjunction however it shows a contrast between what comes before the conjunction and what comes after it our neighbors however none [Music] came he is tired but he has to learn [Music] more I usually only listen to rock music however I find Eminem good a slightly more emphatic version of do is y do it has pretty much the same meaning as do but adds a little bit of strength to the meaning it isn't technically a Junction however it's an adverb not that the terminology really matters but the effect it has on the sentence does since it's an adverb it bumps the subject to the other side of the verb just like any other time you start with a sentence or a clause with anything other than a subject the general was injured however he doesn't show it to his troops the concert was great however also very [Music] loud he claims we have won however we haven't even started not only will I explain the word order and sentence structure rules for these subordinating conjunctions but I will also explain how to use each of the subordinating conjunctions including before bis da damit Das a due to the large number of conjunctions in this category this video will explain each one in Broad Strokes if you are struggling with the more subtle differences between certain conjunctions leave a comment down below about which ones you would like to see group together in a video and I'll make a list of videos that need to be made about these conjunctions based on your comments first on my list of subordinating conjunctions is Al this conjunction most often translates as when it can only be used with the past tense however this is different than the next conjunction on my list then which can be used with the past tense but most often isn't let's take a look at a few examples of how us Works in sentences I was already gone when my mother came home in this sentence I used Us in the second Clause this Clause is called the subordinate clause that's because we're using a subordinating conjunction subordinating conjunctions require Clauses that cannot stand on their own if I sayam people will be waiting for the rest of the sentence as this is not complete there are two types of Clauses that we need to concern ourselves with today Mr and Mrs no wait different video howat and neighb haats refers to the Clause that could stand on its own in English we call this the main clause in our first example this would be if the main Clause is first the word order is normal in that Clause the second type of clause is the one that starts with our subordinating conjunction this is called aanats or a subordinate clause in English this Clause will always have the conjugated verb at the end this does not change anything else about the word order in that clause all you do is take the verb from its normal spot next to the subject and put it at the end of the clause in our first example this is why K is at the end of so the word order rule number one for subordinating conjunctions such as is when the nabat or the subordinate clause is second put the conjugated verb at the end of that Clause the word order for the hots or the main Clause is not affected word order rule number two is when the nazat is first put the conjugated verbs of both Clauses in the middle of the sentence next to the comma for example when my mother came home I was already gone notice that K and VA are on either side of the comma in the middle of the sentence this could be described as having the subordinate clause with a verb at the end and a main Clause with the verb at the beginning but I usually just refer to it as a verb cluster around a comma that's the basics of the word order rules for subordinate clauses if the subordinate clause is second the verb in the subordinate clause moves to the end of the sentence if the subordinate clause is first the verbs in both Clauses are placed next to the comma in the middle of the sentence let's go back to some practice examples of when the school bell rang the students went home when the girl brought the piano to the beach the beachgoers stared the Beach visitors were surprised when they saw that Pinocchio was scared when the whale swallowed him while ALS can only be used in the past the conjunction ven can be used with all of the tenses if you want to use it with the past however you're probably going to need a qualifier before ven you should indicate how often it occurred in the past when you use V for example always when I ate cookies I ate a lot every time when he saw a blue car he hit me some websites will tell you that ven is used in four different ways one to show a condition when it rains I play in the house number two temporal use every time when I see a dog I have to pet him number three concession even if it's not clear what is to be done number four wishes if I had known I would have done something different most of this is nonsense the reason you use qualifiers like IMA or yis mal in front of then when it's used in the past tense is that it introduces a condition this is the only thing it ever does it cannot have anything to do with the temporal part of the sentence as this is explained by adverbs and tenses it doesn't have anything to do with wishes this part is done by the verbs that are used it simply introduces a condition depending on this condition and whether or not it is met dictates the rest of the sentence the condition introduction aspect of this conjunction is why thenen is often translated as if let's take a look at a few more examples and examine the true purpose of this conjunction imma always when I had a birthday I saw my father but if it weren't my birthday I wouldn't see him here we have two different uses of this conjunction some would say that the First shows the temporal use and the second shows the conditional meaning that it triggers the subjunctive mood in reality both simply introduce a condition the first condition being that I had a birthday and the second condition being that it were not my birthday the use of the subjunctive mood or the lack thereof is not dependent upon the use of the conjunction but rather whether or not what we want to express is contrary to to reality as for the temporal use of the first Clause it's actually the word imma and the use of the past tense that tells you when this happened the conjunction simply gives us the condition a synonym to ven is f unlike ven however F cannot be translated as when it is more closely related to in case as with then it introduces a condition unlike then it doesn't lend itself very well to conun or the subjunctive mood in German let's let's look at a few examples to help you see what I mean in case you have hunger or are hungry there is food in the refrigerator if you have hunger or are hungry there is food in the refrigerator in these sentences there is practically no difference between V and FAL to me FAL draws more attention to the condition than ven does but that's about the only difference between them viab we have a baby monitor in the nursery in case the baby wakes up we have a baby monitor in the nursery if the baby wakes up this time there is a bigger difference when we use f it indicated that the baby monitor was always there so that on the occasion that the baby wakes up we would hear it in the sentence with ven it indicates that we would own a baby phone if the baby wakes up as long as the baby is asleep there is no baby phone if the baby wakes up Suddenly there's a baby phone seems counterproductive to be fair most people would interpret ven as the same as fuz in this instance as putting the baby monitor in the room after the baby wakes up would be dumb but it would be much better to Simply use fuzz in this instance so that there is no confusion here are some more examples of in case my mother calls I'm not at home I have a bodyguard in case I meet Carol Baskin next up is another conjunction that translates as if this conjunction is old but unlike the flexibility that is allowed by ven this conjunction can only be used with yes no type of phrases this does not mean that the answers that you can use are only yes or no but that there are only a clear set of options for example my mother wants to know if you will stay for dinner this sentence doesn't include yes or no but the response to it does yes I'm staying no I'm notay if he is really a pilot we don't know again we have two options for the response yes he is a pilot nine a kind pilot no he is not a pilot as was shown in the last example we don't actually need to know the answer and we don't need to list both options in order to use OB if the second option isn't just a negated version of the first option however you do need to include it in the sentence for example we haven't yet decided if we are going to the movies or to dinner it doesn't have to be limited to just two options you can also add more we haven't decided yet if we are going to the movies home or dinner although means if it is not interchangeable with then or false for instance I asked him if he is coming along I asked him in case he is coming along the first one indicates that we simply asked if he was coming along or not the second option says that we asked him the question but it was somehow dependent upon him coming along for instance if he were in a group of others some of whom were going to the beach but you weren't sure which ones you could ask the entire group whatever the question was just in case some of them went and you needed the answer to your question if you were to use thenen in that sentence it would be a bit difficult as it would indicate that the ACT has already been done sometime in the future when the condition has been met and then you asked anyway the point is OB F and ven are not interchangeable to bring it all full circle there is also as OB which combines the first conjunction I explained as and op which I just explained when I showed you the examples of as earlier I left out that you could also translate as as for example as my mother came home I was already gone with this in mind you can see how a is used it's used with a condition created by OB and the time indicated by Al this puts them together to form as if this makes it so you assume the condition set up by was met for example as he kisses her as if he loves her he dances wildly about as if his pants were on fire he cuffed me or put handcuffs on me as if I were a criminal as you can see contrary to what some believe you can use aob with or without the conun or subjunctive mood in German OB is also used at the beginning of other conjunctions there are three of these OB obon and OB most German Learners will only be familiar with OB as OB and obon aren't as widely used the meaning is exactly the same no matter what I would personally recommend that you simply learn how to use OB and just keep in the back of your mind that OB and obon are just archaic ways of saying the same thing all of them just mean although here are a few examples DC Comics Marvel although DC Comics has better characters Marvel makes better fil films Batman Batman is portrayed only as a brute in films although he is highly intelligent although the key fits into the door lock I can't open the door the conjunction vial is one of the most popular German subordinating conjunctions as it means because it is used mostly like the English word but obviously it changes the word order as I mentioned at the beginning of this video it is more common to use vile in the second Clause but it is acceptable to use it as the first clause in a sentence even though it is not okay for you to use because at the beginning of an English sentence I'm getting fat because I eat too many cookies I keep 1.5 meters away because I want to avoid other people covid-19 is just an excuse for that because I don't have any money I don't buy any video games another word that means because is Da this one is considered slightly more formal than vile is and is more common to see this one in the first Clause of a sentence rather than vile other than those two slight differences vile and da are pretty much interchangeable if you find yourself unsure which you should use vile or da you should probably use da as is the more formal of the two personally however I use vile much more often than I use da as I don't find myself in a lot of formal discussions in German and I'm usually just talking amongst friends and vile just seems to feel right here are a few examples with da must because Elsa froze the Fjord Anna had to find her because my computer is broken I would like to buy a new one I didn't buy a computer because I don't have any money while both vile and da explain the reason or the cause for some action damit introduces a clause that shows why something is done it's similar to so that or in order to in English and if you giggled when I said d you are exactly the kind of viewer that I'm looking for check out these examples with so that I don't have to go to the bathroom in the train station I only drink one coffee in the morning she wakes up very early so she can get some work done wear a bow tie so that I look cool a confusing conjunction even for native speakers is Das the reason it's confusing is because the definite article Das and the relative pronoun that is based off of that article also exist when speaking you can barely tell a difference between Das and Das technically Das has two s's and a short vowel sound while Das has a long vowel sound and one s in practice the difference is negligible when writing however the difference is important one to make as they mean different things d means that while Das means that see totally different not confusing at all the easy version is that Das with One S refers back to a noun while Das with two s's does not you can replace Das with One S with dis Yus or vus and it would still make sense if one of those words doesn't work you need two s's honestly you'll find that only people who are overly pedantic care whether you have two s's or just one those people include teachers grammar nerds and people who are feverishly writing in the comments right now to prove me wrong here are a few examples with both so you understand the difference anyway my brother says that he bought a new car in this sentence Das isn't referring to some neuter noun it's introducing a clause that gives more information about the action from the first Clause namely what my brother said this is the car that my brother bought in this sentence refers back to which is a neuter noun which is why we chose this version with only one s my brother says that he bought the car that my father once owned this time I used both do and do the first one indicates more information about the first clause which means that we used Das with two s's the second one refers back to das AO which is why we use Das with only one s for that one I think that this is quite simple the first do adds more information to the first Clause so we use two s's the second dos does not refer to something specific this time which is why we chose the neuter article to begin with but it only has one S as it's referring to something namely whatever it is that is quite simple now that you kind of understand what the difference between and is here's one more example that is sure to confuse you did you know that theth is the most used word in this sentence along the same lines as D is Zas it literally is the German equivalent of so that and is used basically the same way an alternative translation would be so as it's very similar to the conjunction damit again don't forget that the word order changes based on where is used I buy cookies every week so that there are always some at home the bully yells at the boy so that he cries the girl helps the boy so is to comfort him the girl helps the boy so that she Comforts him if if you use D in the main clause and Das to connect the subordinate clause it means the same thing as the subordinating conjunction iname both of these mean something like by means of you will often see them translated as while but the translation doesn't really Encompass what's really going on for example Anum shout one can learn a lot of German while watching videos from her Anum Manan one can learn a lot of German while watching videos from herum in both of these sentences you could translate D and iname with while but the true meaning is more like by means of as it shows the way in which you do something via the conjunction it shows the medium through which the action takes place here are a few more examples with and iname he has lost a lot of weight by running 3 K every day he has lost a lot of weight by running 3 kilm every day another subordinating conjunction that is often translated as while is Vin gagan this is used to express a juxtaposition of the two Clauses this in the first Clause does this while this action in the second Clause does that as you can see you can use here while that being said you could also use whereas this avoids the ambiguity of having too many conjunctions that all mean while let's try a few examples of I have two children and have been married since 2010 whereas my brother has three children and has been divorced since 2019 the child on the right side has only one cookie whereas the child on the left side has already eaten 15 elk have large heavy antlers while deer or Stags have small light antlers the rest of the conjunctions for today all have to do with time don't confuse the fact that I just said the rest of the conjunctions with we're almost done here hooray there are 12 of them some are more used than others so let's just start with the easy stuff the befores there are two subordinating conjunctions in German that mean before there's the easy one before which is the same as the English version and then there's a which also has an English equivalent but it's just as unused as a the word is air anyway let's look at some examples to see what I'm talking about the man drinks another glass of wine before he goes home before before he goes to bed he brushes his teeth my dog walks in a circle before she lays down these three examples are pretty simple and straightforward they are normal sentences that's because before is just like the English before but it's only used as a conjunction when you use the English before with a noun you need for in German when you use it on its own you need da or for in German the other one Aya is is archaic or at the very least uncommon you can use AA anywhere that you can use before just don't unless you're a fedora wearing neck beard having basement dweller who tips their hat when passing a woman on the street and greets them with Mady you don't need Aya you should be aware of its existence however so you can recognize when it shows up in fairy tales and other stuff like that here are a few examples of V Cinderella had to go home a her carriage became a pumpkin again he who would cross the bridge of death must answer me these questions three a the other side he see this is not the actual movie quote in the German version as it doesn't use Aya in the actual German version of the film for the sake of the rhyme here's the real German version for he who would cross the bridge of death must answer me these questions three a the other side he see while be and Aya both talk about the time before something occurs the conjunction bis expresses the time before and leading up to the occurrence the translation is until here are a few examples of it in action I will love you until the last star goes out until he gets his money he will not stop following you z v eat he can hardly wait until he sees her again quick side note here notice that we put Vita and Zan back together at the end of the sentence normally V Zan would have been split because it's a separable prefix but since we're using this at the end of a sentence with a subordinate clause we're using this here as V zit together but still conjugated when you want to use while in the traditional sense not the other ways that I've already mentioned in this video you need V yes this is another one that doubles as a generative preposition again the easy way to tell if this is a preposition or a conjunction is where it's located within the sentence and what words are around it if there is a noun attached to Vin you are working with a preposition and that noun should be in the genitive case if you have what is essentially an entire sentence with a verb at the end you're working with a conjunction here are a few examples of as a conjunction while my brother is sleeping I shave his hair what did you do while I did all of the housework evil triumphs when good men do nothing zanga translates as as long as but it could be another word that means while it works in the same way that the English does as well just keep in mind that if you can't say as long as when you say while you need one of the other conjunctions that I've mentioned previously in this video here are a few examples of z z as long as I get my coffee no one will get hurt the tiger is quite nice so long as isn't in the cage with him you can buy this door for €30 as long as it is still in stock if you need a way to say as soon as in German use the subordinating conjunction zal here are a few examples of that as soon as I am at home I take off the bow the praying mantis eats her partner as soon as the mating is over this is actually sort of a myth they're simply cannibals they eat each other all the time males eat other males or they'll eat females females will eat either males or females it doesn't really matter when it happens isn't even that important either either sometimes they'll eat each other while still [Music] mating G as soon as he gets his paycheck he spends it you can use zoof to mean as often as or whenever Pro tip it isn't zof or zof or soft or any of those other pronunciation errors that you are trying the correct pronunciation is two completely separate different sounding O's the first one is a long o in zo the second one is a short o in of while duden officially lists this as one word it does show that it can be written is two words in their example sentences there is nothing wrong with writing it as two words zoof here are a few examples of zof in action zof as often as I get money something in my house breaks the priest helps his parishioners as often as they need help as often as I step into the house my dog is happy to see me you may be familiar with the preposition n which means after but do you know how to use this is a conjunction version of after and it's similar to its construction of in Dame or tot Dame and the one that we haven't talked about yet zit Dame grammar nerd side note this probably has something to do with the way that German evolved over time since z n and TRS all are prepositions they generally are followed by nouns most of the nouns are going to be either masculine or neuter which in the dative case is Dame over time this article became attached to the preposition in order to form the conjunctions that we now know in love and much to your German teachers dismay this also means that tots is and was often used with the dative case instead of the genitive case that is shown in your textbook and in videos on this very YouTube channel with that out of the way here are some examples with after I left my umbrella at home it rained students can play video games after they have done their homework after you have watched this video you should write a few of the conjunctions in sentences in the comments the last conjunction for this video is actually two they mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably however so they're basically still just one also one of them is infinitely more common than the other so so there's that too Zite and zit Dame most of the time Zite is a preposition whereas zit Dame is the one that's often used as a conjunction however you can use Zite as a conjunction and zit Dame as an adverb when Zite is a preposition it's followed by a noun or a pronoun in the dative case when zit Dame is used as an adverb it is simply used like any other time element within the sentence it acts alone and goes either before the direct object or before any of the other adverbs and prepositional phrases when either of them are used as a conjunction they introduce a clause and connect it to another one since the meaning doesn't change no matter which one of these you use I'll just use the same examples for both just keep in mind that zame is much much more commona since my dog died I am sad when I still find his hair in my house yep you can use more than one subordinating conjunction in a single sentence and you can make both of them use different versions of the word order rules that I mentioned at the beginning of this video the first part uses the subordinating conjunction first which pushes the conjugated verbs to the middle by the comma the second part introduces another Clause with another subordinating conjunction which pushes the conjugated verb in that Clause to the end of the Clause there is a lot going on in that sentence zame since you've been gone I can breathe for the first time since you've been gone I can breathe for the first time this song stays in his memory since he first heard it what are two-part conjunctions well as the name implies they are conjunctions that are used in two parts that's a terrible definition how about they are words that connect other words phrases or Clauses but require you to put one piece in one half of the sentence and another piece in another half that's a bit wordy but at least it's more precise basically these are words that we use in two different parts of a sentence to connect words phrases and clauses within that sentence luckily for everyone involved most of these conjunctions are considered coordinating that means that they don't change the word order the most difficult part about using them is knowing where to put them once you have that down and you know what they mean you can use them with no problem first up is the combination of anva and Oda in English we use either and or this conjunction connects two or more options and sets them up so that you can only have one you know like that VIN diagram that shows you your options as a student good grades enough sleep or a social life choose two in order to use this conjunction and others on this list that are also coordinating two-part conjunctions you put antva or whatever the first part is in front of the first option or the first half then you put Oda or the second half of the conjunction before you start the second option or the second half of the sentence you can use these two parts to introduce an entire clause or simply a word or two let's start with a couple of words I would like either a fox terrier or a German Shepherd he would like either a tea or a coffee when you use a two-part conjunction to connect two complete Clauses you need to have each part at the beginning of the respective Clause meaning that the first half of the conjunction goes at the beginning of the first half of the sentence and the second half of the conjunction goes at the beginning of the second half of the sentence for example either you die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain Harvey Dent and either write something worth reading or do something worth writing Benjamin Franklin an alternative version of this quote could be either write something worth reading or do something worth writing Benjamin Franklin in this version you see that antva isn't at the beginning of its Clause this is due to the special nature of antva I can put it at the beginning of the sentence or just after the verb I could have said it with anva as the first word and it would have still been correct just don't forget that while Oda can be used on its own antva cannot it must be used in conjunction with Oda you can have more than two options with for example orish I would like a dog a cat or a goldfish either you clean your room you wash the dishes or you clean the bathroom next up is the negated version of an V in English we simply add n to the beginning of each word and now we have neither nor instead of either or in German we remove the an and swapped Oda for no the end result is the same you have several options but you can't have any of them this usually is limited to just two options but just like an you can have more than just the two options here are a few examples of it in action I have neither a cat nor a [Music] dog he would like neither to drink coffee nor to eat a cookie VI in we can neither go to the movies nor to the club because I am [Music] grounded hatson freeden great Tranquility of heart is his who cares neither for praise nor blame Thomas Aus literally speaking who is neither LED astray by Praise nor is allowed to be brought into dismay by reproach he has great Tranquility of heart v no also does something weird if you have two full Clauses that you want to combine VA pushes the subject to the other side of the verb this happens with adverbial conjunctions which is a topic for next week this basically says that the adverb is acting like a conjunction which means that it pushes the subject to the other side of the verb just like any other adverb for once the English word order actually mirrors this and therefore pushes the subject to the other side of the verb as well for examp example neither can he go to the movies nor can he afford it neither do I have to work today nor do I have to go to school on the other end of the Continuum we have this combination means not only but also in English it indicates that both the first thing and the other thing are true unlike the conjunctions mentioned so far the Nika part of the sentence does not start with n instead you put n after the verb in the first Clause Z is also a bit odd in that it can be split with extra words in between zandan and Al you do start the second Clause with zandan however let's start by combining just a few words and work our way up to full Clauses he has not only a dog but also a cat he isn't drinking just a coffee but also a glass of [Music] water we are not only driving into town but also shopping she is not only bringing wine for my parents but also bringing chocolate for the children how do you know where to put sometimes it's next to zandan but more often there are a few words between zandan and how many words is there a limit the in these sentences acts kind of like a placement for n in other sentences if you reword the Clause into a standalone sentence with n you can find the placement for for example we are not shopping we are also [Music] shopping CH she isn't giving the children chocolate she is also giving the children chocolate a synonym for [Music] is it still translates as not only but also in English but there is a very subtle difference between the two indicates a sort of standard versus surprise or unusual juxtaposition whereas Z means that both things are the same the difference in English could be expressed by the difference between not only but also and as well as for example my brother as well as my sister have blonde hair if you switch the brother and the sister in this sentence nothing happens nothing changes in the meaning my sister as well as my brother have blonde hair if you try to switch them when you're using you change the meaning ever so slightly not only my brother but also my sister has blonde hair my brother was expected to have blonde hair but it's somewhat surprising that another family member namely my sister also has blonde hair not only my sister but also my brother has blonde hair sister was expected to have blonde hair but it's somewhat surprising that another family member namely my brother has blonde hair the difference can be more striking in other situations the examples previously didn't really make much of a difference but it would make a big difference in the following example I walk my dog as well as my cat both parts are equal and it's not surprising that either of them are being brought on the walk if you switch the dog and the cat nothing meaning wise changes I don't only take my dog for a walk but also my cat it's pretty standard to take your dog for a walk cats on the other hand aren't big fans of leashes so this is a bit odd therefore we used Z if you switch the dog and the cat in this example the difference is much bigger as people don't normally walk their cat generally speaking you can use zo where you could use which is why it's not very common to see full Clauses connected by Z and why you didn't see any in my example sentences next up isv ABA which basically is like yeah but it indicates the first thing is true but there is some additional information that is needed to contextualize this information here are a few examples it's true that I have enough money but I don't want to spend it you can also move to the adverb position it is true that I have enough money but I don't want to spend it it's true that I can speak German but I am not a German it is true that I can speak German but I'm not German this time I move not only the word svah but also the word ABA this is not necessary but again possible moving tvah or ABA simply makes it a stylistic choice and has little difference on the meaning if you start a sentence with svah you are drawing attention to the its true part of the sentence if you move tvah it could be better translated in English by adding vocal emphasis on the helping word sometimes this is a form of being but it can also be a modal verb like in these examples I can speak German but I'm not a German I do have enough money but I don't want to spend it when you move ABA it's more like adding the word however to the English translation I can speak German am however not a German I do have enough money wouldn't like to spend it however there are a few ways to compare and contrast the Clauses that are in a sentence the first on my list isites Andes this is mostly related to the English on the one hand and on the other hand for example on the one hand we need teachers but on the other hand we don't want to pay them wellet and on the one hand I find her quite nice on the other hand she can be quite annoying sometimes you don't always have to have inites in order to use andyes it can be used as a normal adverbial coordinating conjunction this means that the subject is pushed to the other side of the verb when you use at the beginning for example you probably are correct on the other hand he could just want to say hello you do have to have andraes in order to use inyes however while inyes can't stand on its own you can put both inites or andyes in an adverbial position in the sentence and the conjunction still works for example [Music] he wanted to make himself famous on one hand but he annoyed his audience a lot the combination of aites and andyes is great for showing the two sides of an argum on the one hand he should do his homework on the other hand his parents say that he should clean his room if you want to say that sometimes an event goes this way while at other times it goes that way you need the word Mal twice on its own mild generally translates as once or sometime when you put it at the beginning of each Clause it pushes the subject to the other side of the verb and shows the contrast between sometimes this and sometimes that for example sometimes you're the bird sometimes the worm sometimes my son is very sweet and funny other times he just [Music] screams sometimes I listen to rock music sometimes I listen to rap music along the same lines is tiles this one is another conjunction that simply repeats itself but instead of sometimes tiles means partly or in part again it's used like an adverb meaning that it moves the subject to the other side of the verb if you use it first but it's also possible to move tiles to a normal adverb spot for example tiles V the film was partly interesting partly it was boring tiles cornflakes tiles mil my breakfast consists partly of corn flakes or cereal partly of milk all of the conjunctions so far for today have been coordinating conjunctions meaning that they don't change the word order or their adverbial conjunctions meaning that they move the subject to the other side of the verb the last few that I want to talk about today are subordinating conjunctions that are split into two parts the first of these is by far the most common of them yay Desto this is a weird one for me to translate as in English it simply means thethe it's followed by a comparative form of an adjective or an adverb the more I eat the fatter I [Music] become the earlier I wake up the more work I can get done the older I get the less I know notice that the verb goes after the comparative form in the second Clause this is why V is after di when a subordinating conjunction is used in the first Clause as yay is in these examples the conjugated form of the verb in both Clauses is next to the comma in the middle of the sentence but since we have two parts to our conjunction this time we have to put the conjunction first which then has to be followed by its comparative form of the adjective and then our verb so the word order is first half of the subordinating conjunction in these examples y subject whatever is after that in the sentence conjugated verb comma second half of the subordinating conjunction in this case Desto comparative form of the adverb or adjective conjugated verb subject and then the rest of the stuff in the sentence you can switch out with without changing anything in the [Music] meaning the faster I drive the higher the possibility of getting a ticket [Music] I like cookies the bigger the better you have to pick me up from school the sooner the better the last one on my list for today doesn't really count in my opinion it's simply a combination of a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction you saw me use this last week and didn't even notice it it's the combination of OB and Oda it's best translated as WEA dot dot dot or here are a few examples with it I don't know if the dog buried a bone in the garden or if a squirrel ate my plants he has to explain it to me if he would like to buy the red one or the yellow one today I will teach you how to use German adverbial conjunctions things like Al and a whole lot more these conjunctions are also known by several other names including conjunction adverbs conjunctional adverbs conun Adan conjunctive adverbs and conjunctivitis okay that last one is the scientific name for pink eye but the rest of those were real things that people are calling these online I call them adverbial conjunctions for consistency purposes but the other names work too first as we did with the other lessons about conjunctions we have to Define what adverbial conjunctions even are bad definition first they are adverbs that act like conjunctions that isn't terribly helpful so let's try something else I would say they are words that are usually considered adverbs which are words that modify basically anything in the sentence except a noun but they are used to connect words phrases or Clauses like conjunctions do for example AME is usually considered an adverb but it means however or nevertheless and therefore could be used as a conjunction let's see some [Music] examples his mother is very mean he is very nice however in this sentence TW simply modifies the other adverbs Gans and net it's kind of showing the manner in which he is being nice this can be combined into two sentences using as a conjunction for the glue to hold them [Music] together net his mother is very mean however he is quite nice the thing you need to pay attention to is the word order after the conjunction with the coordinating conjunctions the word order was not affected at all this would put the verb after a but that isn't what happened here subordinating conjunctions would require you to move the verb to the end of the sentence or the end of the clause which is also not what happened here we simply started the Clause with TW and moved our subject a to the other side of the verb is this is the same thing that happens if you start any sentence with any other adverb the most common way to do this is to start with the time element at the beginning of the sentence and then move the subject to the other side of the verb for example Ino I am going to the movie theater today Kino today I am going to the movie theater so adverbs can be placed at the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a clause and move the subject to the other side of the verb some of these adverbs can be used as conjunctions as they connect one Clause to another this is what we call adverbial conjunctions let's get into the list there are a ton of adverbs that can be used to connect Clauses to each other but there are only a handful of them that are actually used in everyday conversations I'm going to focus on the ones that are actually used in normal conversations in German and then at the end I'll show you a big list of the other ones and how they are used there are five main adverbs that basically mean therefore that's why or hence they are d d Desh Des vagan and zit each of them have their own subtleties and differences however I could spend an entire video talking about the differences between the wise vesal and their answers but this video already has enough going on in it without diving into the deep end of that instead I'll try and explain them in a broader sense but don't take this explanation as the only thing you need to know in order to master these words as that is not the case D is like saying from that or hence or as a result it shows the origin of the event for example the student didn't learn anything thing or study as a result he didn't pass the test I drink four lers of water every day hence I have to go to the bathroom a lot D is similar to D in that it could be translated as because but D carries with it the connotation of around that or about that his dog died that's why he's sad the student reads two books every day that's why she is very smart des hiive and Des vagan are difficult to tell apart if you can reword the sentence to include the preposition vagan instead of the adverbial conjunction desan you can probably use Des or desan drove my father's car into a tree so I am not allowed to drive his car anymore because of the accident I am not allowed to drive his car [Music] anymore that's why I'm not allowed to drive it the last one on my list of similar meanings is the furthest removed from the others zit indicates that something was done in order to accomplish something else it is similar in that it shows the cause of the action but it could be translated as so that or in order to it's important to note that zit is used in a main clause or haats but there's also Zas which has a similar meaning but is a subordinating conjunction and therefore uses a subordinate clause here are some examples of zit d [Music] the Knicks lost again hence they missed the playoffs [Music] Again Sam has the most points with that she won there are a few ways to say however or nonetheless in German I talked about one in my coordinating conjunction video do there are two others that I want to talk about today Al and trot alings is more of a feeling of all things considered or however while Trot is more like in spite of that the difference is subtle but the main point is that to feels stronger than aladins here are a few examples of them the trip through Germany was exhausting or demanding nonetheless it was very beautiful Thea the interest of the students is waning however this is not out of the ordinary as it is already 2: p.m. my brother already ate dinner in spite of that he would like to go to dinner with us the water is green in spite of that she is swimming the most common and most widely used way to say in addition to or likewise in German is aad the preposition AA means besides when you add DE to the end of it it's like saying besides that or in addition to that with this in mind you can use this as a conjunction here are a few examples of that d z these shoes are two small besides that they are falling apart I would not like to eat yet besides that I don't like fish if you would like to say otherwise in German zon is a good option for example the bear must not be hungry otherwise he would have eaten you the first Pig must have wanted to get eaten otherwise he would have built his house out of stone these are nowhere near the entire list of adverbial conjunctions in German in fact there are more than 50 of them in this chart you can see a list of the different adverbs that can be used as conjunctions these are separated based on their use instead of giving you examples of each one individually I will simply explain what each category means and what that means for the adverbs in that group copulative refers to the fact that something adds to something else in the first Clause this is why you see alame besides that in that group other examples would include VA further or furthermore aeno equally or as well as and beyond that local refers to the location of something danan for example would be next to that but it can also take on a more figurative meaning of that phrase you'll notice that all of them on this list are da compounds this is pretty common for a lot of adverbial conjunctions as do compounds lend themselves to this kind of use very well for more on do compounds you can watch the video that I have Linked In the description for that temporal expresses a Time D for example means before that and veres means during that these are great transitional conjunctions if you're writing an essay or for use on a written part of a German exam I would highly recommend that you learn how to use all of these well as they will come in handy since they are so helpful I wrote example sentences for most of them with the exception of indes because it's not very widely used my dog is smelling the turtle before that she hadn't seen one my mother is going shopping during that time I am staying home and playing video games VI we ate dinner together after that we went to the movies he is speaking with his family first and after that with his boss next up is kowal which as you might guess is the cause of something they are almost all translated as that's why or because the most popular ones were mentioned at the beginning of this video and consecutive are both used to show a condition for example I have a car too if need be we can drive with it concessive refers to something that precludes another in other words this thing happened but this happen happened anyway for [Music] example mention the mayor says we have to stay at home nevertheless many people went to the park in the category you can see words that describe the extent to which something is done the last category is AD meaning that it shows something that is different than the first Clause there are a bunch of these you will also notice that the two-part conjunction inites and andyes is also in this group and it's not only a two-part conjunction but also an adverbial conjunction here are a few examples from this [Music] category my dog is very lazy by contrast the cat is full of energy there are a lot of desserts on the table but you aren't allowed to have [Music] them Fant for [Music] laa C Mand van frino extra caramel topping COC yogurt for un mus for for fore forey half [Music] fore for for oh CL [Music] for for for Al wowo Frogger of PlayStation for the Extraterrestrial ofi power is punch out in power punch Mike Tyson Mar Tyler 19 Rock cool Tales [Music] ban cheese cheese I can see that you're really dedicated to your German learning if you really want to take your German language skills to the next level check out my book Elementary German with her Anum you can access worksheets answer keys MP3 downloads online flashcards and a whole lot more to really boost your language skills