Lecture Notes: Stoicism and Its Legacy

Introduction

• Stranded thousands of miles from home, Zeno of Cyprus turned adversity into opportunity.
• Shipwrecked in Athens around 300 BCE, lost everything as a wealthy merchant.

Zeno's Journey to Philosophy

• After shipwreck, Zeno wandered into a bookshop and became intrigued by Socratic philosophy.
• Sought out and studied with notable philosophers in Athens.
• Originated Stoicism, focusing on virtue, tolerance, and self-control.

Definition and Origins of Stoicism

• Stoicism: Derived from the Stoa Poikile, a public colonnade where Zeno and his disciples gathered.
• Colloquial meaning: A person who remains calm under pressure and avoids emotional extremes.
• Original Philosophy: More than just emotional control; it emphasizes understanding the universe's rational structure, called Logos.

Core Principles of Stoicism

1. Practical Wisdom: Navigating complex situations logically and calmly.
2. Temperance: Self-restraint and moderation in all aspects of life.
3. Justice: Fair treatment of others, even in the face of wrongdoing.
4. Courage: Facing daily challenges with clarity and integrity.

Stoicism and Humanity

• Stoicism is not self-centered; emphasizes shared humanity.
• Seneca advocated for humane treatment of slaves, recognizing fundamental humanity across all people.
• Stoicism encourages active engagement rather than passivity; virtuous individuals can positively impact others.

Historical Impact and Influence

• Marcus Aurelius: Notable Stoic philosopher and Roman Emperor; led through wars while facing personal loss.
• His journals offered guidance to Nelson Mandela during his imprisonment.
• Mandela emphasized peace and reconciliation, inspired by Stoic principles.

Stoicism's Evolution

• Stoicism was a prominent philosophy in Greece and Rome, fading as a formal institution but enduring in influence.
• Adopted by Christian theologians like Thomas Aquinas for its focus on virtues.
• Parallels found between Stoic Ataraxia (tranquility) and Buddhist nirvana.

Key Stoic Philosophers and Their Teachings

• Epictetus: Explained that suffering arises from our judgments about life events, not the events themselves.
• Connection to modern psychology:
  • Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy: Aims to change self-defeating attitudes.
  • Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy: Based on Stoic principles of willpower and finding meaning in life, even in dire circumstances.