Introduction to Modern Political Ideologies and Nationalism

Four Great Political Ideologies

1. Liberalism: Prioritizes individual rights.
2. Socialism: Prioritizes socioeconomic equality.
3. Conservatism: Prioritizes tradition.
4. Nationalism: Prioritizes the nation.

Nationalism

• Most powerful and often neglected.
• Has shaped the world significantly, now seen as self-evident truths.
• After the Soviet Union's fall, arguably became the dominant ideology on Earth.

Understanding Nationalism

• Nationalism is the idea that the political and national units should align.
• Best understood by looking at its historical evolution.

Historical Background

Emergence of Nations

• Prior to nations, political societies were tied to individuals/families (e.g., dynasties in China).
• Modern nations emerged mainly in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.
• Ancient examples: Greek nationality (city-states, later united nation).

Development of National Identity

• Concept of nationality developed over time, often through war and contrast with outsiders.
• National identity in France: Developed extensively in the 18th century with industrialization, intellectual growth in Paris, and challenged the old regime.

The Rise of the Nation in France

• Concept of the 'nation' redefined: Political identity derives from the people, not elite few.
• Formation of National Assembly during the French Revolution as the representative of the people.
• Ideals of general will (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) influencing French political thought.

Rousseau's Influence

• National institutions essential for unified national identity.
• Education to foster patriotism and sense of community.

Expansion of Nationalism

Post-French Revolution Influence

• Nationalist ideas spread globally, inspiring movements in Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• Strong ties with liberal values initially, but romantic nationalism introduced emotional and cultural dimensions.
• Romantic nationalism in Germany: Focus on language, culture, and unified national identity.

Transformation into Romantic Nationalism

• Germany: Sturm und Drang movement emphasized internalization of national identity.
• Ernst Moritz Arndt and Johan Gottlieb Fichte: Advocates for a unified German State, anti-French sentiment as unifying factor.
• Fichte's collectivism: Personal sacrifice for the nation.

Global Spread and Impact

• 20th Century Nationalism: Became dominant political ideology postulated as a modern solution for political organization.
• Fascism: Extreme form of nationalism exemplified by Mussolini's Italy and Nazi Germany.
• Fascist states: Nation as a singular organism, subjugation of individual interests under state control.

Key Definitions

• Nationalism: Political ideology that the world should be divided into sovereign nations, where citizens prioritize national solidarity.

Conclusion

• Modern nationalism is a powerful and complex ideology, blending various principles but primarily focusing on the interests of the nation.
• Despite criticism, remains a dominant political force worldwide.