hello Anatomy 1352 Ross College this is Unit 10 the reproductive systems covers chapters 24 and 25 if I remember right first chapter is male reproductive second is female let's start out with the male reproductive system it's considerably less complex so let's tackle it and get it done first couple of terminology Bano is a term you rarely used but it refers to the end or the glands of the penis crypto means hidden cryptosporidium hidden sperm well it's not really that the sperm themselves are hidden we use the term cryptosporidium for undescended testicles so they're still hidden up in the abdominal cavity epididimo the epidemis part of the plumbing genital genitals easy peasy test testo or testiculo clearly the testies testicles however Orco orcho orchido I don't know how Orchid follows anywhere with the testes but you do see it uh it is a proper word so orchitis would be inflammation of the testes a side effect of the disease MS pen penis prostate prostate some of these are not that clever they're basically just latinized versions of the English words spermato is sperm um we'll see that quite a bit of times vast refers to the vast deference one of the longest tubes it's what exits the uh testicles and Carries sperm all the way to the prostate gland and then there's some other glands besides the prostate the seminal vesicles are the most prominent ones and vesiculo refers to that as far as endings spermia something to do with sperm side to kill well let's face it you all know what a spermicide does kill sperm so into the whole process sexual reproduction is to produce gtes the sperm and eggs deliver one to the other um give a place for fertilization Fusion of those gametes and allow growth into the new organism the development of the embryo and fetus so besides producing sperm and eggs we've got a little bit more going on there so male reproductive produce the androgens the male hormones um produce sperm and offer a way to deliver it so FedEx for sperm female reproductive female hormones production of the gamt the OVA or egg a location for fertilization and a place for growth of the embryo fetus during pregnancy so males we start out with testes the testicles they're the male gonads realize though that in the female reproductive system ovaries are technically gonads although when we say the word we almost always M testicles so uh duct work refers to the tubing to take sperm out of the testes and deliver it all the way to the end the first part of the plumbing vas deference there's a very short ejaculatory duct where the first set of glands and the vest def meet together and then that empties into the urethra which is inside the prostate from there it's on out and you're done with that half of the system glandular wise in males there's three glands or two pairs and a single depending how you want to look everything here the seminal vesicles um will hit them the prostate we all heard that and then there's a smaller set called the bulb urethal glands we'll talk about those to briefly so let's start with the scrotum this is where you find the testes it's there for temperature regulation clearly it's not there for Aesthetics so why is this so the testicles are hung outside the bosy cavity but yet still contained this allows for them to maintain at a lower than body temperature um that's about 2 to 3° fahit below normal body temperature sperm production functions best a little bit cooler than body Tim and that's why they're down there so now the testicles are hung inside or held inside that uh the scrotum by two pairs of muscles the dartos and chromer muscles when a testic are too warm the muscles relax and stretch when they're a little too cold they contract and raise the testicles closer to body cavity so now the testicles themselves are connected through the spermatic cord so the muscles connect to the outside but they don't carry blood supply and anything else really into the testicles they're just there for raising and lowering the spermatic cord is where everything enters or exits a test testicles so in there you have the testicular artery veins lymphatic vessels as well as nerves autonomic nerves specifically as and the VAS defrin which is for flow of sperm out of the testicles now looking at the testicular structure it's a lot of open tubes where sperm production occurs and then a fair amount of heavy connective tissue called the Tunica Albina so that divides the testicle into compartments and in those compartments you have sperm production each little compartment is a lobule and in there you have the seminiferous tubules sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules they drain into a central core and then out into what we call the epidemis that you see here at the bottom epidemis is for storage of mature sperm until needed so spermatazoa these are the um actual sperm proper name for them there are stem cells here called spermatogonia they divide and produce spermatozoa now all of this is driven by your gonadotropins gonad tropin to stimulate the gonads specifically by LH and FSH lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone now yes the follicle is a structure with inside the ovary but these hormones were first figured out and named based on functions in the female reproductive system it wasn't till a little bit later that da da da they have similar or analogous functions in a male reproductive system so uh what they all do specifically follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary this is stimulating the support cells the CI cells these help and encourage the rate of sperm production so FSH is driving spermatogenesis creation of sperm so I won't ask you saroli I will ask you about FSH in its role though now LH is interesting LH is not directly involved in sperm production but it's indirect so LH triggers other tissues there to produce testosterone now testosterone is actually four different nearly identical chemicals we group them together as testosterone um they all have the same function just minor variation in structure all testosterone is made from cholesterol so when we say what's the precursor to testosterone it's cholesterol cholesterol is the precursor for all steroid hormones that includes the estrogens progesterone cortisol all made from cholesterol now LH controls testosterone production LH goes up testosterone goes up testosterone besides its many other functions does help with spermatogenesis but remember testosterone is coming from the testes themselves so now those spmat Goa as they um arise they go through multiple sets of division this is the process of meiosis by the end of meiosis you go from 46 chromosomes in a normal human cell down to only 23 chromosomes in the sperm spermatids or sperm spermatozoa 23 chromosomes half the number normal number of chromosomes in the case of the sperm they either have an X chromosome or a y chromosome and sperm then depending which of the x or y determine gender of The Offspring so our set of questions here again we'll do them in lecture should you choose all the information is right here in the lecture itself now sperm production is quite abundant um average daily output 300 million sperm it is what it is what exactly are sperm they are very precise cells that have one and only one function deliver DNA to an egg that's it so in doing so you look at the structure and you realize how specialized this cell is for that function so sperm have two or three portions to them depending how you look at it the first portion is called the head of the sperm here is where the nucleus is now the sperm is not going to do much but swim to where it needs to be those chromosomes are heavily condensed wrapped up all 23 of them just waiting to be delivered on top of that head there is a structure called an acrosome and that has enzymes to help the sperm penetrate into the egg all of that together is the full head of the sperm so um oh here we go acrosome on the anterior portion of the head of the sperm the head is almost entirely the nucleus um and that is again those enzymes for penetration of the egg in order to trigger fertilization everything else is referred to the tail now some people will take the middle region the mid piece and separate it from the fella the rest of the tail to maybe call it three pieces either way it's the same thing now this thing has to swim swimming motion requires energy that middle region is simply stacked up packed in mitochondria producing massive amounts of ATP for swimming the rest of that tail is the structure the fagella and that spins so it can Propel the sperm through whatever liquid it happens to be in so that is the structure of sperm now during male development uh so prenatal before birth testost tone from the developing fetus is responsible for development of the male external genital structures as well as Descent of the testicles out of the abdominal cavity or pelvic region of the abdominal pelvic cavity and down into the scrotum proper now that testosterone is elevated a little bit during fetal development and then drops down to to normal prepuberty levels by the time birth occurs now testosterone again goes up it in the early puberty and rise in testosterone of course is for development of what we call male secondary sexual characteristics and you know the general bits and pieces here you've got an dramatic increase in anabolism so building up this is responsible for enlargement of portions of the skeleton going through male puberty uh increase in muscle mass so a lot of protein production is driven through that rise in testosterone it also Alters hair growth patterns it's responsible for facial hair um uh inguinal hair groin hair as well as axillary hair don't really know if testosterone has much effect on back hair there but you know you can make your your own jokes at this point it also does affect the voice you get a deepening of the voice lowering of the voice box U pitch and development of the libido or sex drive that's all driven by testosterone in addition it also kicks in the production of sperm starts SP spermatogenesis at the uh early onset of puberty now testosterone does maintain through life Peaks around age 25 and then is on a very slow decline for the next 60-ish years and that higher levels of testosterone do help maintain secondary sexual characteristics throughout the lifespan of the individual so going back to our spermatazoa they've been produced in the seminiferous tubules they follow the plumbing internally there over into the epidemis sometimes called the ductus epidemis we'll just stick with epidemis that's the common term and the very final bits of um maturing of the U sperm are happening right there at the timus at this time they're finally getting to the point where they're able to swim so uh then mature sperm are also spored stored within the epidemis uh they can be stored actually for several months before needed so it's they do last quite a while also contraction here causes propelling of the sperm out during the ejaculation process uh besides the seminiferous tubules I'm not worried about the rest of the plumbing inside the testes now if you want to call it a trip tick from um triaa or travel log those sperms they starting out at the epidemis they leave through the vast the vas deference or the ductus de Defence vast deference is the um normal term vast Defence goes up through the spermatic cord into the anterior Loops over top of the pubic region of the um pelvic bone runs beside the the bladder wraps around and finally comes together with the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct Which is less than a total inch long inside of the prostate and that's where everything then meets into the urethra so the vast majority of the plumbing from the teses to the prostate is your vasde now sperm came can hang out in the vas Defence for quite a long time uh not all of them during ejaculation make it all the way to the end they can hang out in that piping then so all right so when that seminal vesicles back of the bladder when they and the VAS Defence merge you have the very short less than an inch ejaculatory duct that's literally inside of the prostate and the two ulatory ducts left and right enter the urethra side by side the urethra itself is passageway to the exterior now we also know the urethras for urine delivery too um and some of the components from the prostate and seminal vesicles are to help with the harsh environment of the urethra the residual urine content that's also there now you've heard of a vasectomy before first three letters vas what are we cutting the vas Defence ectomy means removal you don't take out the entire vast Defence although what you do remove is a roughly an inch of the vast Defence now there were old jokes that you used to be able to before insurance covered the sectomy this was back in the 70s and 80s um they called them a Tian of vasectomies people could go over the border to Mexico get a $99 vasectomy much cheaper than getting it at a hospital in the US because Insurance wouldn't cover it and then come home probably with a bottle of tequila on the way to numb the pain uh that was a rather problematic procedure because what they would do is go in from behind the scrotum this is minor surgery and except for the person that's happening to then you'll think it's a you know cranial Sur surgery neurosurgery when you listen to them but you would go in through the back of the scrotum right underneath the tissues you can then reach to the uh vas defrin simply cut it now in that quick and easy version the ends of the tube were sitting pretty close to each other and they were both open well you can imagine sperms swim out the end of the tube some of them swim right back in the other end of the tube and continue on your way there was a time when people would get vasectomies and they would kind of commonly or at least too many of them to be a rare incidents end up having children anyways now you don't see that anymore because insurance companies cover it in US luckily um people get and then within the US regulations for a vasectomy are very distinct nowadays you have to cut about an inch out of the uh vas Defence and close both ends so if one end happens to tear open the other end is still closed in the incredibly rare incidents that both ends open up they're nowhere near each other for sperm to then be able to get out and get back in so now originally these these were sewn shut uh nowadays for Speed and the fact that it's actually more efficient more likely to stay closed they're cauterized so you still though do enter through the back of the scrotum you can do this with local anesthetic it's probably better to knock the patient out so they shut the hell up during the process but you know and then as far as getting it done what do you do you prescribe bags of frozen peas because that's formfitting cooling to soo a rather sensitive area and then prescribe probably a little bit of alcohol along with it to make them happy it's a fairly innocuous surgery patients are basically other than a little stitching to close it fully recovered in about one to two days maybe walking a little bow waged and uncomfortable but hey that's just something to make fun of them for so there we have it um oh yeah back to our plumbing though ejaculatory duct through the prostate into the urethra urethra also passes through the prostate remember that before it then passes out of the body now we talk about the glands here we call them accessory glands I'm primarily going to ask you about the first two being the most important because they make the vast majority of the fluid the third one produces very little and we'll mention it but I won't ask you about it the first one are the first pair are the seminal vesicles they're behind the bladder posterior they make a viscous very thick alkaline fluid this is at least 60% of the total volume for ejaculation there's a lot of fructose in here energy for the mitochondria there are prostaglandins they help with m IL and smooth muscle contraction actually in the female reproductive that helps move sperm up if it's in the vaginal tract up into the uterus there is fibrinogen to help keep that fluid thick after it's after ejaculation now that alkaline business is quite important it helps neutralize acidity in the urethra and in the female reproductive tract one of the things for proper vaginal health is very low PH helping prevent yeast growth and other uh number of harmful bacteria unfortunately that a very acidic environment is not very conducive to sperm so the alkaline fluid is quite necessary the majority of what's left comes from the prostate prostate size of a large nut doughnut shaped there's a hole through the middle um and it sits right underneath the bladder the urethra passes directly through the center of the prostate coming in from the rear you have of the prostate you have the ejaculatory ducts they meet the urethra inside the prostate now the ejaculatory ducts are quite short under an inch because that's how long it is to move through the prostate from Edge to Middle the prostate fluid is thick and milky also contains means a slight amount of acidity but the acidity is very much offset by the alkaline of the seminol vesicles there's a lot of citric acid which feeds directly into the kreb cycle for energy production and there is something called the proteolytic enzymes these are also one of them is designated PSA now the proteolitic litic breakdown protal protein these are enzymes to destroy bacteria they just happen to destroy the bacterial proteins one of these is referred to as PSA or prostate specific antigen and finding PSA in the bloodstream or elevated PSA in the bloodstream excuse me can potentially not always potentially signal prostate cancer originally it was thought to be PSA is elevated it's a definite sign of prostate cancer we've found out though that there are some false positives there elevated PSA is a high likelihood of prostate cancer but not a guarantee so the final glands are the bulb urethal or cper glands these are quite small little around the size of a small PE or bean and they're under the prostate inferior they secrete a small amount of fluid the remain little bit of fluid that becomes a semen the balber Ruth roll more importantly um produce some early alkaline fluid which helps neutralize the acidity inside the urethra and actually is useful as natural lubrication during intercourse so that's what it does I'm going to ask you about the prostate proteolytic enzymes PSA antigen what the function is there I'm going to ask you about seminal vesicles alkaline and fructose sugar for energy those are the main things to know about these and then of course why the alkaline neutralize the acidity of urethra and female reproductive so those are the important bits you like it in anatomy here we see the posterior view you see your um vas defrin coming up over the pubic bone wrapping around the back of the bladder they lie beside the seminal vesicles the two of them come together into the very short ejaculatory duct inside the prostate and that empties see these two tiny openings here into the um back portion of the urethra and then on from there now we see two little bits of dotted lines down here a little bit lower to secondary holes that is where fluid from those cers glands the bulb urethal glands actually enters into the uh urethra so that's entering in ahead of the location of the prostate so that fluid then is put into the urethra prior to full ejaculation so that's that so what is seman uh seen is the seminal fluids the liquid and sperm pretty much it all it is what's volume here 2 and2 to 5 Mill anywhere from 50 to 150 million sperm per milliliter that's a whole lot of them you refer to this as um functional infertility when male sperm count drops below 20 million per milliliter why drop in number is infertile well a lot of them don't make it anywhere near the egg so the more there are the like greater likelihood that you're going to get some towards the egg drop the number too low you simply diminish the amount that are potentially going to reach the egg now realize those sperm have to pass through the cervix enter into the uterus find the fian tubes swim out the fallopian tube to find the egg only one egg is produced normally per cycle and it's only on one side so half the sperm that re that reach the fallopian tubes go the wrong way in addition many of them never even get all the way to the throat Fallopian tubes you know men never stop and ask for directions sperm are no different they simply get lost laugh [Music] now all right let's talk delivery so the penis we know what it is urethra down the inside for delivering sperm as well as urine so how does it work function we have three bits to it we call them the body the length of it the glands the end and the root which is the portion of the body that extends up into your body cavity that's both anchoring as well as the internal portions of it uh what you traditionally call the force skin is the folds of skin that wrap around the glands proper medical term is actually a preus so whether it's there whether it's not yeah it's Aesthetics or lack of it however you want to do it uh some religions cut it off um it matters not one bit if it's there or not there one of the thoughts was removing it helps keep the end cleaner and less susceptible to venial disease well it might help keep the end a little bit cleaner it has utterly Zero Zero Effect on protection from venial disease so but that's where we have it now within the penis there are three cylinders of spongy tissue that is the erectile tissues and we'll cover those next slide here and then there's some fibrous tissue around it called the Tunica alagen so and again fibrous connective tissue so going inside of it you see cross-section of the real thing ouch and cross-section and diagram you see the three areas these the um and these are the areas these are the tissues that fill with blood during erection we call them the corpa cavernosa and the Corpus spongiosum the corpa cavernosa are the two larger at the um upper portion the lower part around the urethra is the corpa spongiosum both of them will fill with blood and enlarge now the reason to put a little bit of tissue around the urethra when that spongiosum fills with blood it actually holds the urethra open and makes it easier for delivery of sperm you see in the corpa cavernosa you see an artery through the center of each one blood goes in easily doesn't drain out quite so easy it has to work its way out through small tiny veins and finally collect multiple veins up on the superior edge of the penis blood can go in quicker than it can go out as long as those arteries are open and fully dilated for blood to get in if you want to talk little blue pills little blue pills trigger an increase in nitric oxide um or sorry nitrous oxide in the bottle body and that is a vasodilator which helps dilate those blood vessels and get better blood flow in there unfortunately for heart patients it can cause other abnormalities and drops in blood pressure at other places because it's dilating blood many blood vessels and it can be disruptive to blood flow so you can make your jokes about you can think with one end or the other and when this of things is getting proper blood flow there is slightly less blood flow going up so in reality it makes very minor effect on the brain most likely none at all or none detectable uh but it's still a subject of fun jokes nonetheless all right here's your questions again for continuing on with this and more questions now before we get into the female anatomy it's probably a good time to just simply stop and end part one we'll come back with part two