Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Overview

Definition

• GMOs: Plants, animals, or microbes with altered DNA through genetic engineering techniques.
• Also known as bioengineered foods.

Genetic Engineering Process

• Involves transferring genes for desired traits between organisms.
• Genes can be moved across species (e.g., plant to animal).
• Difference from Selective Breeding:
  • Selective breeding: Selects and breeds organisms for desired traits over time.
  • Genetic engineering: Direct insertion of a specific gene, avoiding undesired traits.

Genome Editing

• A newer method involving targeted changes to DNA.

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

• Enhanced nutritional value and taste of food.
• Plants with resistance to disease and drought, reducing resource use.
• Reduced pesticide usage.
• Increased food supply with lower costs and longer shelf life.
• Faster growth rates for plants and animals.
• Foods with less harmful traits, such as potatoes with reduced cancer-causing substances when fried.

Concerns About GE Foods

• Potential risks:
  • Allergic or toxic reactions.
  • Unintended genetic changes.
  • Gene transfer between GM and non-GM organisms.
  • Reduced nutritional value.
• Current evidence shows no GMOs have caused these issues.

Regulation and Safety

• FDA: Assesses GMO safety before market approval.
• EPA and USDA: Evaluate the impact on humans, animals, and the environment.

Common GMO Crops in the US

• Main crops: Cotton, corn, soybeans.
• Used in products like corn syrup, cornstarch, oils, sugar.
• Other GMO varieties: Apples, alfalfa, canola, eggplant, papayas, pineapples, potatoes, salmon, squash, sugar beets, sugarcane.

Safety and Public Health

• No side effects linked to GMO consumption.
• Scientific bodies like WHO and the National Academy of Science find no evidence of harm from GMOs.
• USDA requires disclosure of bioengineered food ingredients.

Sources

• Various governmental websites provide updated information on bioengineered foods and regulations.