Plant Tissues and Animal Tissues

Plant Tissues

Types of Plant Tissues

• Meristematic Tissue

  • Responsible for plant growth, located in specific regions.
  • Types:
    • Apical Meristem: Found at tips of stem and root, helps in lengthwise growth.
    • Lateral Meristem: Found in cork cambium and vascular cambium, helps in the increase of girth.
    • Intercalary Meristem: Found at the base of leaves and nodes in monocots like grass.
  • Characteristics:
    • Highly active with dense cytoplasm.
    • Prominent nucleus and thin cell walls.
    • Lack vacuoles.

• Permanent Tissue

  • Formed by the differentiation of meristematic tissue.
  • Simple Permanent Tissue
    • Parenchyma
      • Thin-walled, living cells, loosely packed.
      • Functions: Photosynthesis (chlorenchyma), food storage, buoyancy in aquatic plants (aerenchyma).
    • Collenchyma
      • Living, elongated cells with irregular thickenings.
      • Provides flexibility and mechanical support.
    • Sclerenchyma
      • Long, narrow, dead cells with thick cell walls (lignin).
      • Provides mechanical strength.
  • Complex Permanent Tissue
    • Xylem: Transports water/minerals, consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma, and fibers.
    • Phloem: Transports food, consists of sieve cells, tubes, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma.
  • Epidermis
    • Outermost protective layer,
    • Single-layered, flat cells; thicker in dry habitats.
    • Functions: Water resistance (cuticle), gas exchange (stomata).
    • Differentiates in roots with root hairs for water absorption.
    • In older plants, replaced by dead cork cells containing suberin.

Animal Tissues

Epithelial Tissue

• Types:
  • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Thin, flat cells; lines vessels and alveoli; enables material exchange.
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Multiple layers; found in skin; provides protection.
  • Cuboidal Epithelium: Cube-shaped; lines kidney tubules, ducts; secretion and absorption.
  • Columnar Epithelium: Pillar-like; lines stomach and intestines; aids secretion and absorption.
  • Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: Columnar cells with cilia; moves mucus; found in lungs.

Connective Tissue

• Blood: Fluid connective tissue with RBCs, WBCs, platelets; transports nutrients, gases, and waste.
• Bone: Hard, non-flexible; supports and protects organs.
• Ligaments: Connect bones, elastic.
• Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, strong and slightly flexible.
• Cartilage: Flexible, smoothens joints, found in nose, ear, trachea.
• Areolar Tissue: Fills spaces, repairs tissues, wraps blood vessels and nerves.
• Adipose Tissue: Stores fat, insulates heat, found under the skin and around organs.

Muscular Tissue

• Voluntary Muscles (Skeletal/Striated): Long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated, under conscious control.
• Involuntary Muscles (Smooth): Spindle-shaped, single nucleus, not under conscious control, found in organs.
• Cardiac Muscles: Branched, uni-nucleated, striated but involuntary, found in heart, responsible for heartbeats.

Nervous Tissue

• Neurons: Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves; transmit nerve impulses.
  • Parts: Cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon.
  • Functions: Transmission of impulses, responsive to stimuli.

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